Get Ready to Read (cont.)

1. Rome’s Beginnings Get Ready to Read (cont.) Focusing on the Main Ideas • Geography played an important role in the rise of Roman civilization. • The Romans created a republic and conquered Italy. By treating people fairly, they built Rome from a small city into a great power.

2. Rome’s Beginnings The Origins of Rome • Italy is a boot-shaped country in the Mediterranean. • The toe of the boot points toward the island of Sicily. • The Alps are mountains at Italy’s northern border, and the Apennines is a mountain range that extends through Italy from north to south. • Italy’s terrain was easier to farm than the terrain of Greece, so Italy could support more people. (pages 263–265)

3. Rome’s Beginnings The Origins of Rome (cont.) • The Latins built the city of Rome on the plain of Latium. • Rome was located in central Italy on the Tiber River. • Two stories tell about Rome’s beginning: the legend of Remus and Romulus and the tale of Aeneas and his Trojan followers. (pages 263–265)

4. Rome’s Beginnings The Origins of Rome (cont.) • The Greeks and the Etruscans influenced the Roman way of life. • The Etruscans were skilled metal workers who helped shape Roman civilization. • The Etruscan army was the model for the Roman army. (pages 263–265)

5. Rome’s Beginnings The Birth of a Republic • The Tarquins were leaders of the Etruscan-ruled Rome. • After 100 years under the Tarquins, the Romans rebelled against Etruscan rulers. • The Romans established a republic. • In a republic, the leader is not a king or queen but someone voted into office by citizens. (pages 265–267)

6. Rome’s Beginnings The Birth of a Republic (cont.) • Rome had a large, powerful army made up of excellent, disciplined soldiers. • Roads connected all of Rome’s military settlements. (pages 265–267)

7. Rome’s Beginnings The Birth of a Republic (cont.) • The Roman Confederation gave full citizenship to some people, who could vote and serve in government. • Romans gave others the status of allies, which meant they could rule their own local affairs. (pages 265–267)

8. The Roman Republic Get Ready to Read (cont.) Focusing on the Main Ideas • Rome’s republic was shaped by a struggle between wealthy landowners and regular citizens as it gradually expanded the right to vote. • Rome slowly destroyed the Carthaginian Empire and took control of the entire Mediterranean region.

9. The Roman Republic Rome’s Government • Patricians and plebeians were the two classes of people in Rome. • Top government officials were called consuls. • Another important group of officials were the praetors. • The Senate was the most important lawmaking body. (pages 269–273)

10. The Roman Republic Rome’s Government (cont.) • Another important legislative body was the Assembly of Centuries. • Plebeians challenged the class system by going on strike. • The Romans then allowed the plebeians to set up their own legislative group called the Council of the Plebes. • Today, a dictator is an oppressive ruler. (pages 269–273)

11. The Roman Republic Rome’s Government (cont.) • In the Roman Republic, a dictator was a person who served the people and ruled temporarily during emergencies. • Cincinnatus, the best-known early Roman dictator, led an army of men to defeat a powerful enemy. • The Twelve Tables were Rome’s first code of laws. • They were the basis of all future Roman laws. (pages 269–273)

12. The Roman Republic Rome’s Government (cont.) • The Law of Nations was created to address issues of conquered peoples. • The rule of law is the idea that laws should apply to everyone equally. (pages 269–273)

13. The Roman Republic Rome Expands • Carthage, a state on the coast of North Africa, was a powerful enemy of Rome. • The First Punic War began as a dispute between Rome and Carthage over the island of Sicily. • The war continued for 20 years before Rome won. • The Second Punic War began after Carthage expanded into Spain. (pages 274–276)

14. The Roman Republic Rome Expands (cont.) • Rome helped the people of Spain rebel. • Hannibal was a great Carthaginian general who fought in the Second Punic War. • At the Battle of Cannae, Hannibal’s forces overpowered the Romans. • The Roman general Scipio led his forces to defeat the Carthaginians at the Battle of Zama. (pages 274–276)

15. The Roman Republic Rome Expands (cont.) • Rome destroyed Carthage in the Third Punic War. • Rome also took all of Greece and Macedonia and parts of Africa during the Punic Wars. (pages 274–276)

16. The Fall of the Republic Get Ready to Read (cont.) Focusing on the Main Ideas • The use of enslaved labor hurt farmers, increased poverty and corruption, and brought the army into politics. • Military hero Julius Caesar seized power and made reforms. • The Roman Republic, weakened by civil wars, became an empire under Augustus.

17. The Fall of the Republic Trouble in the Republic • The gap between the rich patricians and the poor plebeians grew, and farmers especially suffered. • Latifunda were large farming estates created when wealthy Romans bought small farms. • Farmers whose land had been bought traveled to cities to try to find jobs. (pages 278–279)

18. The Fall of the Republic Trouble in the Republic (cont.) • Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were two wealthy brothers who tried to reform government. They were killed. • Marius, a former military leader, was appointed counsel and promised land to poor men if they became soldiers. • Sulla drove Marius out of Rome, declared himself dictator, and spent three years reforming government before resigning from office. (pages 278–279)

19. The Fall of the Republic Julius Caesar • A triumvirate is a political alliance of three people. • Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed a triumvirate after Sulla left office. (pages 280–281)

20. The Fall of the Republic Julius Caesar (cont.) • Julius Caesar marched on Rome and defeated Pompey’s forces after Crassus died in battle. • Caesar declared himself dictator of Rome for life and made many changes to Rome. • The Julian calendar was created during Caesar’s rule. (pages 280–281)

21. The Fall of the Republic Julius Caesar (cont.) • This calendar was changed slightly in A.D. 1582, but is basically still in use today. • Caesar had many enemies as well as supporters. • His enemies plotted to kill him and succeeded on March 15, called the “Ides of March.” (pages 280–281)

22. The Fall of the Republic Rome Becomes an Empire • Octavian was Caesar’s grandnephew, who had inherited Caesar’s wealth. • Antony and Lepidus were two of Caesar’s top generals. • Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate, although the triumvirate began to quarrel immediately. • Antony fell in love with Cleopatra VII and formed an alliance with her. (pages 282–283)

23. The Fall of the Republic Rome Becomes an Empire (cont.) • Octavian declared war on Antony to keep him from taking over the republic. • Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra’s forces at the Battle of Actium. (pages 282–283)

24. The Fall of the Republic Rome Becomes an Empire (cont.) • Cicero was a political leader, writer, and public speaker who favored representative government and supported Octavian. • Octavian restored the republic with some reforms and took the title Augustus, meaning “revered one.” • This began the Roman Empire. (pages 282–283)

25. The Early Empire Get Ready to Read (cont.) Focusing on the Main Ideas • By expanding the empire and reorganizing the military and government, Augustus created a new era of prosperity. • Rome’s system of roads, aqueducts, ports, and common currency made the empire rich and prosperous.

26. The Early Empire The Emperor Augustus • The Pax Romana is the long era of peace that began with Augustus. • Augustus built a permanent, professional army and created a special guard called the Praetorian Guard, who guarded him. • Augustus restored Rome’s splendor and fed the hungry poor of Rome with imported grain. (pages 287–288)

27. The Early Empire The Emperor Augustus (cont.) • Augustus appointed a proconsul, or governor, for each province, replacing politicians appointed by the Senate. • Augustus reformed the tax system by making tax collectors permanent workers, and he reformed the legal system by creating a set of laws for people who were not citizens. • The Julio-Claudian emperors were the rulers who followed Augustus: Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. (pages 287–288)

28. The Early Empire The Emperor Augustus (cont.) • Caligula and Nero were cruel leaders, and Tiberius and Claudius were competent rulers. (pages 287–288)

29. The Early Empire Unity and Prosperity • Vespasian restored order to Rome after the chaos following Nero’s death. • The Jewish temple in Jerusalem was destroyed by Vespasian’s armies in the effort to put down a Jewish rebellion. • Mount Vesuvius erupted and destroyed the city of Pompeii in A.D. 79. • The rulers known as the good emperors were Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius. (pages 290–294)

30. The Early Empire Unity and Prosperity (cont.) • The Roman Empire flourished under their rule. • Aqueducts are human-made water channels for carrying water long distances. • They were created during the prosperous times of the good emperors. • The Roman Empire became one of the largest empires in history during the reign of the good emperors. (pages 290–294)

31. The Early Empire Unity and Prosperity (cont.) • The different people of the Roman Empire were united by Roman law, Roman rule, and their shared identity as Romans. • Most people were farmers who grew olives, grapes, and grain. • Other people were artisans who traded with others inside and outside the Roman Empire. (pages 290–294)

32. The Early Empire Unity and Prosperity (cont.) • Roads and currency—a system of money—were important to the prosperous trade that developed. • A gap existed between rich merchants, shopkeepers, and skilled workers and poor farmers and city dwellers. (pages 290–294)

33. The Rise of Rome Section 1: Rome’s Beginnings Focusing on the Main Ideas • Geography played an important role in the rise of Roman civilization. • The Romans created a republic and conquered Italy. By treating people fairly, they built Rome from a small city into a great power.

34. The Rise of Rome Section 2: The Roman Republic Focusing on the Main Ideas • Rome’s republic was shaped by a struggle between wealthy landowners and regular citizens as it gradually expanded the right to vote. • Rome slowly destroyed the Carthaginian Empire and took control of the entire Mediterranean region.

35. The Rise of Rome Section 3: The Fall of the Republic Focusing on the Main Ideas • The use of enslaved labor hurt farmers, increased poverty and corruption, and brought the army into politics. • Military hero Julius Caesar seized power and made reforms. • The Roman Republic, weakened by civil wars, became an empire under Augustus.

36. The Rise of Rome Section 4: The Early Empire Focusing on the Main Ideas • By expanding the empire and reorganizing the military and government, Augustus created a new era of prosperity. • Rome’s system of roads, aqueducts, ports, and common currency made the empire rich and prosperous.

37. The Rise of Rome Review Vocabulary Define Match the vocabulary words with the definitions. __ 1. A ___ is a form of government in which the citizens choose their leader. __ 2. ___ included artisans and shopkeepers. __ 3. The judge in a Roman court case was a ___ . __ 4. In early Rome, the role of ___ lasted only until a crisis had passed. D • A. dictator • B. plebeians • C. praetor • D. republic • latifundia • aqueduct B C A

38. The Rise of Rome Review Vocabulary Define Match the vocabulary words with the definitions. __ 5. Large farming estates that used enslaved people to tend crops were called ___ . __ 6. A(n) ___ was a human-made channel for carrying water. • A. dictator • B. plebeians • C. praetor • D. republic • latifundia • aqueduct E F

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