Get Ready to Read (cont.)

1. Life in Ancient Rome Get Ready to Read (cont.) Focusing on the Main Ideas • In addition to their own developments in science and engineering, Roman artists and writers borrowed many ideas from the Greeks. • The rich and poor had very different lives in the Roman Empire, as did men and women.

2. Life in Ancient Rome Roman Culture • The Romans admired the Greeks and copied some of their ideas, though they often changed what they borrowed. • Roman statues and art portrayed people with flaws, whereas Greek art and statues portrayed ideal people. • Romans incorporated Greek ideas in their architecture, such as columns and porches. (pages 303–305)

3. Life in Ancient Rome Roman Culture (cont.) • They also used their own ideas, such as arches, domes, and vaults, which are curved ceilings. • Two famous buildings still stand today: the Colosseum, which is a large arena, and the Pantheon, which is a temple built in honor of Rome’s gods. (pages 303–305)

4. Life in Ancient Rome Roman Culture (cont.) • The Roman writer Virgil wrote the Aeneid, which tells the story of the Trojan prince Aeneas and his followers. • The poet Horace wrote satires, which are works that poke fun at human weaknesses, and odes, which express strong emotions about life. • The writers Ovid and Catullus were inspired by Greek writing and myths. (pages 303–305)

5. Life in Ancient Rome Roman Culture (cont.) • Livy, one of Rome’s most famous historians, wrote the History of Rome. • Many modern European languages spoken today are based on Latin, the language of Rome. • The Greek doctor Galen brought Greek medical ideas to Rome. (pages 303–305)

6. Life in Ancient Rome Roman Culture (cont.) • Ptolemy was a famous scientist who studied and mapped the stars. • Engineers created an advanced road system and aqueducts that provided water. (pages 303–305)

7. Life in Ancient Rome Daily Life in Rome • Rome was one of the largest cities in the ancient world. • The Forum was in the center of Rome and served as a marketplace and public square. • Wealthy Romans lived in large, fine homes. • Poorer people lived in apartment buildings of stone and wood. (pages 306–310)

8. Life in Ancient Rome Daily Life in Rome (cont.) • Because of high rent, most people could not afford large homes. • The government provided free grain and sporting shows, such as chariot races and gladiator contests. • Gladiators were men who fought animals and each other. • Roman families were large, including young and married children, other relatives, and enslaved servants. (pages 306–310)

9. Life in Ancient Rome Daily Life in Rome (cont.) • The paterfamilias was the man who headed the family. • Wealthy children—boys and girls—received an education through hired tutors. • Some boys went to school. • A boy became a man between ages 14 and 16 years. (pages 306–310)

10. Life in Ancient Rome Daily Life in Rome (cont.) • Girls became adults when they married. • Women had few rights but were influential in the family. (pages 306–310)

11. Life in Ancient Rome Daily Life in Rome (cont.) • Wealthy women had more freedom than poor women. • Slaves were not uncommon in the Roman Empire. • Slaves suffered many hardships and were treated poorly. • Sometimes slaves revolted against the Romans. (pages 306–310)

12. Life in Ancient Rome Daily Life in Rome (cont.) • Spartacus was a gladiator who led a slave revolt. • Romans worshipped many gods and goddesses. • As the Roman Empire grew, the Romans conquered people of other religions. • They were allowed to worship freely as long as they did not threaten the Roman government. (pages 306–310)

13. The Fall of Rome Get Ready to Read (cont.) Focusing on the Main Ideas • Poor leadership, a declining economy, and attacks by Germanic tribes weakened the Roman Empire. • Rome finally fell when invaders swept through the empire during the A.D. 400’s. • Rome passed on many achievements in government, law, language, and the arts.

14. The Fall of Rome The Decline of Rome • After Aurelius’s death, Commodus and the Severans ruled Rome. • After the Severans ended, Rome’s leadership grew weak, and the government grew corrupt. • With a weak government, the economy worsened. • A plague, or a disease that spreads widely, broke out and killed many people. (pages 318–320)

15. The Fall of Rome The Decline of Rome (cont.) • Inflation, or rapidly increasing prices, occurred because money became less valuable. • Invaders began pushing into the empire’s territory, and the Roman government could not pay Roman soldiers. • Emperor Diocletian tried to establish reforms that would improve the political situation. (pages 318–320)

16. The Fall of Rome The Decline of Rome (cont.) • Emperor Constantine tried to stop the empire’s decline. • He moved the capital city to Byzantium, and the city later became known as Constantinople. (pages 318–320)

17. The Fall of Rome Rome Falls • Theodosius became emperor after Constantine’s death. • Theodosius split the empire into two separate empires: the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. • The Visigoths feared the Huns and asked Rome for protection. • In exchange, Rome required the Visigoths to be loyal to them. (pages 322–324)

18. The Fall of Rome Rome Falls (cont.) • The Visigoths rebelled against the Romans and beat the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople. • More Germanic groups invaded Roman territory. (pages 322–324)

19. The Fall of Rome Rome Falls (cont.) • The Visigoth leader Alaric and his soldiers captured the city of Rome and burned it. (pages 322–324)

20. The Fall of Rome Rome Falls (cont.) • The Vandals overpowered Rome’s territories in Spain and northern Africa. • Then they entered Rome and destroyed buildings. • Odoacer was a Germanic leader who took control of Rome’s government from the emperor Romulus Augustulus. • This event marked the end of the Western Roman Empire. (pages 322–324)

21. The Fall of Rome Rome Falls (cont.) • A band of Visigoths killed Odoacer and set up a kingdom in Italy. • The Eastern Roman Empire continued to prosper after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. • It became known as the Byzantine Empire. (pages 322–324)

22. The Fall of Rome The Legacy of Rome • The law and government of the United States today is influenced by the laws and government of the ancient Romans. • The alphabet of the Latin language is used through the Western world today. • Many European languages stemmed from Latin. • Many English words come from Latin. (pages 325–326)

23. The Fall of Rome The Legacy of Rome (cont.) • Western architecture uses styles of the Romans, such as domes and arches. • Christianity began in the Roman Empire. (pages 325–326)

24. The Byzantine Empire Get Ready to Read (cont.) Focusing on the Main Ideas • The Eastern Roman Empire grew rich and powerful as the Western Roman Empire fell. • The policies and reforms of Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora helped make the Byzantine Empire strong. • The Byzantine developed a rich culture based on Roman, Greek, and Christian ideas.

25. The Byzantine Empire The Rise of the Byzantines • The Eastern Roman Empire was known as the Byzantine Empire. • It included Greeks, Egyptians, Arabs, Armenians, Jews, Persians, Slavs, and Turks. • Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire. (pages 328–329)

26. The Byzantine Empire The Rise of the Byzantines (cont.) • Constantinople was located between the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea, at the crossroads of trade routes between Europe and Asia. • People of early Constantinople initially followed Roman ways. • They spoke Latin and enforced Roman laws. (pages 328–329)

27. The Byzantine Empire The Rise of the Byzantines (cont.) • Eventually, the Byzantine Empire became more influenced by Greece. • People spoke Greek and drew upon Greek culture. • Some ideas from the Slavs, Egyptians, and Persians also mixed in with the Greek influences. (pages 328–329)

28. The Byzantine Empire Emperor Justinian • Justinian was the emperor of the Byzantine Empire from A.D. 527 until A.D. 565. • Empress Theodora, Justinian’s wife, helped her husband rule Byzantine. • She gave him advice and advocated more rights for Byzantine women. • Justinian tried to restore the Roman Empire by invading Western Europe and northern Africa. (pages 329–330)

29. The Byzantine Empire Emperor Justinian (cont.) • Belisarius was a general who helped lead the Byzantine army. • Tribonian was a legal scholar who worked with his colleagues to simplify the law code, so it could be more easily understood. (pages 329–330)

30. The Byzantine Empire Byzantine Civilization • The Byzantine Empire lasted for about 1,000 years. • Constantinople was its largest and wealthiest city. (pages 332–334)

31. The Byzantine Empire Byzantine Civilization (cont.) • The Byzantine Empire depended on trade. • It was the center of trade between Europe and Asia. • Silk weaving was a major industry. • Byzantine emperors supported artists and architects. (pages 332–334)

32. The Byzantine Empire Byzantine Civilization (cont.) • Hagia Sophia was the religious center of the Byzantine Empire and was a great architectural accomplishment. • Mosaics are pictures made from many bits of colored glass or stone. • Most mosaics showed saints, or Christian holy people. • Marriage and family were very important in the Byzantine way of life. (pages 332–334)

33. The Byzantine Empire Byzantine Civilization (cont.) • Byzantine women obtained some rights. • They became educated, and some served as regents, or people who stand in for rulers who are too young or too ill to govern. • The Byzantine government supported education. (pages 332–334)

34. The Byzantine Empire Byzantine Civilization (cont.) • Boys studied academic subjects in Byzantine schools. • Girls did not attend school but were taught at home. • Most written literature was religious. (pages 332–334)

35. Roman Civilization Section 1: Life in Ancient Rome Focusing on the Main Ideas • In addition to their own developments in science and engineering, Roman artists and writers borrowed many ideas from the Greeks. • The rich and poor had very different lives in the Roman Empire, as did men and women.

36. Roman Civilization Section 2: The Fall of Rome Focusing on the Main Ideas • Poor leadership, a declining economy, and attacks by Germanic tribes weakened the Roman Empire. • Rome finally fell when invaders swept through the empire during the A.D. 400’s. • Rome passed on many achievements in government, law, language, and the arts.

37. Roman Civilization Section 3: The Byzantine Empire Focusing on the Main Ideas • The Eastern Roman Empire grew rich and powerful as the Western Roman Empire fell. • The policies and reforms of Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora helped make the Byzantine Empire strong. • The Byzantines developed a rich culture based on Roman, Greek, and Christian ideas.

38. Roman Civilization Review Vocabulary Define Match the vocabulary words with the definitions. • A. ode • B. inflation • C. anatomy • D. mosaic • plague • paterfamilias • gladiator • regent __ 1. pictures made of many bits of colored glass or stone __ 2. rapidly increasing prices __ 3. father of a family __ 4. emotional poem about life’s ups and downs D B F A

39. Roman Civilization Review Vocabulary Define Match the vocabulary words with the definitions. __ 5. a disease that spreads widely __ 6. a person who stands in for a ruler who cannot govern __ 7. a warrior who fought animals and people in public arenas __ 8. study of the body’s structure E • A. ode • B. inflation • C. anatomy • D. mosaic • plague • paterfamilias • gladiator • regent H G C