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Energy harvesting for the Internet of Things

Energy harvesting for the Internet of Things. Dr. Francesco Orfei NiPS Lab, Dept. of Physics, University of Perugia, IT francesco.orfei@nipslab.org. Index. What’s IoT – Internet of Things? Why Energy Harvesting? Sources of energy Powering issues Power management

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Energy harvesting for the Internet of Things

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  1. Energy harvesting for theInternet of Things Dr. Francesco Orfei NiPS Lab, Dept. of Physics, University of Perugia, IT francesco.orfei@nipslab.org

  2. Index • What’s IoT – Internet of Things? • Why Energy Harvesting? • Sources of energy • Powering issues • Power management • An examples from the market ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  3. What’s IoT – Internet of Things? ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  4. What’s IoT – Internet of Things? ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  5. What’s IoT – Internet of Things? https://iot-analytics.com/10-internet-of-things-applications/ ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  6. What’s IoT – Internet of Things? Internet of Things to overtake mobile phones by 2018! https://www.ericsson.com/en/press-releases/2016/6/internet-of-things-to-overtake-mobile-phones-by-2018-ericsson-mobility-report ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  7. What’s IoT – Internet of Things? ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  8. What’s IoT – Internet of Things? ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  9. What’s IoT – Internet of Things? Ex. 1: fitness tracker ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  10. What’s IoT – Internet of Things? Ex. 2: weather station - sensors https://www.wunderground.com/personal-weather-station/dashboard?ID=IUMBERTI9 ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  11. What’s IoT – Internet of Things? Ex. 3: smart homes ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  12. What’s IoT – Internet of Things? Ex. 3: smart homes • Just tap and ask for: • music from Amazon Music, Spotify, Pandora, iHeartRadio, and TuneIn. • hands-free mode to control music and more • uses the Alexa Voice Service when connected to Wi-Fi or a mobile hotspot to play music, read the news, provide weather reports, and even order a pizza! ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  13. What’s IoT – Internet of Things? Why do weneedIoT? Becausewe are lazy! ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  14. Index • What’s IoT – Internet of Things? • Why Energy Harvesting? • Sources of energy • Powering issues • Power management • An examples from the market ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  15. Why Energy Harvesting? Ex. 1: tyre pressure monitoring ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  16. Why Energy Harvesting? Ex. 2: extended structures monitoring Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, California, USATotal length: 8.981 ft (2,737.4 m)Height: 746 ft (227.4 m) ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  17. Why Energy Harvesting? Ex. 3: large open and wild area Point Reyes National Seashore, California, USAArea: 111 mi² (71,028 acres - 287.44 km2)[ ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  18. Why Energy Harvesting? Ex. 4: big cities Howmanybatteries are in this city? Los Angeles, California, USAArea: 503 mi2 (1302 km2) - Population (2015) 18,679,763 ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  19. Why Energy Harvesting? https://www.i-micronews.com/category-listing/product/emerging-energy-harvesting-devices.html ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  20. Why Energy Harvesting? https://industrytoday.co.uk/agriculture/energy-harvesting-system-market-demand--growth-factors--latest-rising-trend---forecast-to-2025 https://www.i-micronews.com/category-listing/product/emerging-energy-harvesting-devices.html ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  21. Index • What’s IoT – Internet of Things? • Why Energy Harvesting? • Sources of energy • Powering issues • Power management • An example from the market ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  22. Sources of energy Discharge characteristic of a CR2032 battery. (from ENERGIZER CR2032 datasheet) ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  23. Sources of energy Renewable energy sources:naturally replenished regularly! https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.php?page=about_sources_of_energy ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  24. Sources of energy Whatabout EH sources? ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  25. Sources of energy ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  26. Sources of energy Are thesesourcesconstant in time? ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  27. Sources of energy Test on the shaker of a bi-stable non-linear piezoelectric EH Storage capacitor = 1000µF ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  28. Index • What’s IoT – Internet of Things? • Why Energy Harvesting? • Sources of energy • Powering issues • Power management • An example from the market ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  29. Powering issues 1.920.000 pages!!! ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  30. Powering issues Powerrequirementsfordifferent RF technologies. http://core.spansion.com/article/energy-harvesting-devices-replace-batteries-in-iot-sensors/#.WvKtApdx202 ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  31. Powering issues 1st: reduce the powerrequiredbyyourapplication! Ideal situation: constantpowerfrom the EH. http://core.spansion.com/article/energy-harvesting-devices-replace-batteries-in-iot-sensors/#.WvKtApdx202 ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  32. Powering issues 1st: reduce the powerrequiredbyyourapplication! https://www.digikey.lv/en/articles/techzone/2014/oct/using-energy-harvesting-techniques-with-ultra-low-power-ics-to-meet-the-power-demands-of-wearables ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  33. Powering issues 1st: reduce the powerrequiredbyyourapplication! ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  34. Powering issues 2nd: trytooptimize the energyconversion, storage and usage! ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  35. Powering issues 2nd: trytooptimize the energyconversion, storage and usage! Energy is a limitedquantity! ENERGY HARVESTER ENERGY STORAGE VOLTAGE REGULATOR & SUPERVISOR RTX ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  36. Index • What’s IoT – Internet of Things? • Why Energy Harvesting? • Sources of energy • Powering issues • Power management • An example from the market ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  37. Power management All applications generally require DC voltage supply. AC – DC Converter Piezoelectric EH Electromechanical EH RF EH DC – DC Converter Solar EH TEG EH ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  38. Power management AC – DC converter (1) ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  39. Power management AC – DC converter (2): voltage doubler Mainlyusedfor RF EH https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/semiconductors/chpt-3/voltage-multipliers/ ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  40. Power management AC – DC converter (3): multiplier http://www.nutsvolts.com/magazine/article/dc-voltage-converter-circuits ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  41. Power management AC – DC converter (4): diodes are replaced by MOSFET Reducedenergylosses due to near-zero volt thresoldactivediodes. ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  42. Power management AC – DC converter (4): diodes are replaced by MOSFET ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  43. Power management AC – DC and DC – DC converters Linear Switching A voltageregulatorisgenerallyrequired ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  44. Power management Linear converters Pros of Linear Power Supply • No ripple and low noise • Low in cost and complexity • Better response time to line and load transients Cons of Linear Power Supply • Low efficiency • High weight due to larger components • Low load protection in case of failure ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  45. Power management AC – DC + linear voltage regulator Rectifier + VoltageRegulator + Supervisor Total Current loss < 7 μA ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  46. Power management AC – DC + linear voltage regulator Voltage acrossthe storagecapacitor Supply voltage to the load ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  47. Power management AC – DC + linear voltage regulator Voltage acrossthe storagecapacitor Supply voltage to the load ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  48. Power management Linear voltage regulators: efficiency ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  49. Power management Switching converters Pros of Switching Power Supply • Higher efficiency • Low weight and size due to smaller components (conversion performed at high frequency) • High load protection in case of failure Cons of Switching Power Supply • Ripple at switching frequency • Possible emission of EM noise • High in cost and complexity compared to linear PS • Limited bandwidth to 1/10th of switching frequency ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

  50. Power management Switching converters Most commonly used switching converter types: • Buck — used to reduce a DC voltage to a lower DC voltage. • Boost — provides an output voltage that is higher than the input. • Buck-Boost — the output voltage can be lower or higher than the input one. • Flyback— an output voltage that is less than or greater than the input can be generated, as well as • Push-Pull — A two-transistor converter that is especially efficient at low input voltages. • Half-Bridge — A two-transistor converter used in many offline applications. • Full-Bridge — A four-transistor converter that can generate the highest output power of all the types. http://www.ti.com/general/docs/lit/getliterature.tsp?baseLiteratureNumber=snva559&fileType=pdf ERASMUS+ IESRES, Ankara, Turkey – May 7-11, 2018

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