Making the south pacific white

1. Making the south pacific white Why convicts? Why transportation? Why Australia?

2. Once you begin to chart the world,it only makes sense

3. 18C Geopolitics ‘the Defeat of the French Fireships attacking the British fleet at Quebec, 1759’ Serres (Library and Archives Canada,C-4291) • necessitates: expenditures Sergeant James Thompson (Fraser’s Highlanders) claymore carried into battle on the plains of Abraham (CWM 19720103-006) administrative and legislative power

4. Looking further: geopolitical posturing commerce scientific query“... farther than any man has been before me, but as far as I think it is possible for a man to go.” James Cook (1728-79)

5. First Voyage (1768-71) - as Lieutenant Cook the Admiralty and the Royal Society sponsored jointly • a scientific voyage to observe the transit of the planet Venus from Tahiti • search for the believed to be ‘great southern continent’, Terra Australis Incognita (looked for since the 16C) • on a converted Whitby collier, the Endeavour

6. Second Voyage (1772-75)- as Commander Cookon the Resolutionscientists and artists and chronometers practical solution to the problem of determining longitude at sea closer to the South Pole than any previous navigator, touched on Tahiti and New Zealand Easter Island the Marquesas Islands Tonga New Hebrides

7. Third Voyage (1776-80)Fellow of the Royal Societyand Copley Prize North Pacific navigable NW passage? charted NW coast ‘discovered’ Hawaiian Islands killed on his return, at Kealakekua Bay 14 February 1779 perhaps regarded the god Lono and broke tradition perhaps due to his nasty temper argument on beach and stabbed

8. Consequences • study ‘natives’ → uneasy relationships and misunderstanding broke local customs bought venereal disease, alcohol and guns • new standards → extent and accuracy of his surveys natural history astronomy oceanography philology and much else new disciplines of ethnology/anthropology • protected crew → cleanliness and ventilation cress, sauerkraut, orange extract exacting science

9. Settler identities in Australia Gendering transportation Criminalizing poverty Race and nation

10. Transportation • Many more men than women • Property crimes >> personal injury • Political prisoners • All trades represented [including architects] necessary to build a colony • Terrible corporal punishment

11. Add pictur here But eventually, land grant ‘man’ in society

12. Convict women“the pest and gangrene of colonial society” • Convicted for: • their transportation/ work experience: • Described as: • Disciplined by: ‘Rajah’ Quilt National Gallery of Australia

13. And resisted:Parramatta Female Factory • literate, 180 trade skills • 60% - 1st offence • 1200 women in factory built for 300 • stone-breaking, spinning, needlework and laundry • gagging; head-shaving • 1827 – Australia’s first Industrial Action food riot • remembered

14. Role of women • work • at home ‘she carried out her duties as mistress of a small family with ‘piety, patience, frugality and industry’’ • either m.c. women were that, or w.c. women worked at jobs that used those skills

15. ‘by the 1740s over half the laboring pop. had shifted to some form of manufacturing…’‘use of steam only relative to manual labor’steam not the prime energy source for manufacturing until the 1870s Bryant and May Match Factory workers, 1888

16. ‘Making’ the perfect worker

17. The Poor Lawscontrol, reform and utility of person Witham parish workhouse (2002), 1714Birmingham workhouse (1860s)‘archway of tears’

18. Charles Booth In Darkest England and the Way Out (1890) East London Estimate Rest of London Total PAUPERS Inmates of Workhouses, Asylums, and Hospitals 17,000 34,000 51,000 HOMELESS Loafers, Casuals, and some Criminals 11,000 22,000 33,000 STARVING Casual earnings between 18s pw and chronic want 100,000 200,000 300,000 THE VERY POOR Intermittent earnings 18s. to 21s. pw 74,000 148,000 222,000 Small regular earnings 18s. to 21s.pw 129 000258 000387 000 TOTAL 331,000 662 000 993,000

19. Booth’s Poverty Mapstreet-by-street maps drawn to represent levels of poverty and wealth found by survey investigators YELLOW: upper-middle and upper classes. wealthy. RED: middle class; well-to-do PINK: fairly comfortable. good ordinary earnings BLUE: poor. 18s. to 21s. pw for a moderate family BLACK: very poor vicious, semi criminal

20. Bamstead Cottage Homes

21. A Nova Scotia Connection Quarriers Village Bridge of Weir, Renfrewshire, Scotland

22. And other ‘waifs and strays’? Rockwood Mill, est. 1867

23. The ‘real’ Australiawasn’t emptyKate Grenville The Secret River (2005) 400+ indigine groups 250 languages evidence to 40 000 BCE + 1/3 to 9/10 deaths Residential School history 1967 enumeration to vote

24. Aboriginesless than human Why? enlightenment thinking (theory) experiential observation Early: kidnapping for observation, sex, work raids disease and malnutrition 1850s: Aboriginal Protection Societies Responsible Governance way of life destroyed: economic, cultural official policies to de-populate to 1960s Different: Maori

25. Māori and tāmoko See: Once Were Warriors (1994) Whale Rider (2002) Sir Apirana TurupaNgata

26. Nātepūkatoatētahi, kataurekarekatētahi. The musket determined who was warrior and who was slave. The Treaty of Waitangi (1842) kawanatanga vs. tinorangatiratanga Maori Wars/ New Zealand Wars (1845-82) pa pākehā

27. ANZAC Day, April 2007

28. Subsequent imperial policyin the southern hemisphere From 19C territory for production, trade and control Ceylon Straits Settlement (Penang and then Singapore) Cape Colony Falklands jumping off point: Gibraltar Multicultural indentured labour moved throughout as necessary colour bar not necessarily citizens, as necessary

29. The ‘Scramble’for Africa

30. 1807 Abolition of slave trade 1820-23 Egyptians push into Sudan 1830s French in Algeria; w. African trade Boer push north 1850s/60s European explorations British occupy Lagos (commercial) 1865 Leopold II succession 1869 Suez Canal opened 1874 British involved on East Coast 1884 Egyptian financial crisis Berlin Conference Imperialism in Africa1875 to 1914: the Scramble