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Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration. This is the process of transforming Glucose (from your food) into energy (in the form of ATP) ATP stands for: Adenosine tri-phosphate It is the body's usable form of energy Chemical energy is stored in its high energy phosphate bonds

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Cellular respiration

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  1. Cellular respiration • This is the process of transforming Glucose (from your food) into energy (in the form of ATP) • ATP stands for: Adenosine tri-phosphate • It is the body's usable form of energy • Chemical energy is stored in its high energy phosphate bonds • Created from adenosine mono-phosphate (AMP) or adenosine di-phosphate (ADP)

  2. Functions of ATP • To help us synthesize biologically important molecules (enzymes) • Supply energy for motility (muscles for moving) • Generates heat • Supply energy for transporting nutrients across membranes

  3. Glycolysis • Occurs in animals, in the cytoplasm of cells • The first step of both Aerobic (with oxygen) and anaerobic (without oxygen) respiration is Glycolysis • This process needs you to “spend” 2 ATP to get it started • It releases a gross of 4 ATP (so you net 2 more ATP than you started with) • The end product is called Pyruvic acid

  4. Anaerobic respiration • If there is no oxygen present in the cell, the end product of glycolysis (the pyruvic acid) will transform into lactic acid • This lactic acid changes the pH if your cells and makes them hurt (which is one of the reasons why you get sore muscles after a new workout) • The whole process of anaerobic respiration (Glycolysis + lactic acid production) only produces a small amount of ATP compared to aerobic respiration

  5. If Anaerobic respiration is so bad, why do our cells do it? • It is better than the alternative (which is the muscle cell stops working and you collapse) • It produces its little amount of ATP very quickly • It works even if there is no Oxygen around

  6. Fermentation • In fungus, such as yeast, we call Glycolysis “fermentation” • The process is the same, producing a net total of 2 ATP and happening when there is no Oxygen present but it produces Ethanol Alcohol and CO2 instead of lactic acid • We use this process to help raise our dough when we make bread!

  7. Steps in Aerobic respiration: (with Oxygen) • Glycolysis (same as anaerobic) • Transition step (pyruvate moves to mitochondria and is converted to acetyl – CoA • Krebs cycle ( in the matrix of the mitochondria) • Electron transport chain (in cristae of mitochondria)

  8. The transition step • At the end of glycolysis sugar has been transformed into pyruvic acid • If the is O2 around, then the pyruvic acid goes through the transition step and turns into Acetyl CoA. • This process creates CO2 and Hydrogen (but no ATP) • The CO2 is breathed out and the H goes on to the electron transport chain

  9. Krebs cycle • Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria • Acetyl – CoA (the product of the transition step) enters the Kreb’s cycle and CO2 and H atoms leave the cycle • The CO2 is breathed out. The H goes on to the electron transport chain • A moderate amount of ATP is produced by the Kreb’s cycle as well

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  11. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria • H is carried from the transition step and the Krebs cycle to the ETC • Process of H atoms going through ETC produces a lot of ATP • At the end the H ions combine with Oxygen to form water

  12. The whole process of cellular respiration • This process will Net up to 36 – 38 ATP depending on the type of cell (eukaryotic or prokaryotic) • C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP

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