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Adjectives

Adjectives. GM 6. Content. Introductory information. Adjectival attribute. Paradigms for all three genders. Exceptions. Examples of use. Vocabulary. Introductory information.

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Adjectives

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  1. Adjectives • GM 6

  2. Content • Introductory information. • Adjectival attribute. • Paradigms for all three genders. • Exceptions. • Examples of use. • Vocabulary.

  3. Introductory information • Adjectives are used to further specify nouns. (E.g. aqua pura = pure water, aqua destillata = destilled water, extremitas sinistra= left extremity, fractura complicata = complicated fracture). • An adjective in Latin medical terminology is always linked to a noun. Which means that (with few specific exceptions) we never find a lone adjective. • An adjective is dependent on grammatical parameters of the noun. And it creates “identical” (adjectival) attribute. (Word identical means grammatical conformity here.)

  4. Introductory information II • Adjectives are flexible, they use set of suffixes similar to noun endings to express a relation with specific noun. • If there are several adjectives in one expression then the system of grammatical cases and suffixes allows us to decide which adjectives are linked to particular nouns. • Numerals are treated as adjectives in Latin.

  5. Noun - Adjective word order • In English we usually put an adjective first: long operation, dangerous state, first vertebra. • In Latin adjectives usually follows after their corresponding nouns: operatio longa, status periculosus, vertebra prima.

  6. Adjectival attribute • If we connect two nouns together (area of trachea, fracture of vertebra, lobe of thymus, pharmacist’s plaster) we use genitive grammatical case to express the relation in Latin (area tracheae, fractura vertebrae, lobus thymi, emplastrum magistri). • If we connect a noun and an adjective, then the adjective has to reflect three grammatical parameters of the noun: 1) grammatical case2) grammatical number3) gender.

  7. Adjectival attribute II. • This means that:musculus (Nom., Sg., masculine) will be followed by an adjective in corresponding form: longus. • If we change any of the given parameters the adjective will change its form accordingly:musculum (Acc., Sg., masc.) longummusculorum (Gen., Pl., masc.) longorummusculis (Abl., Pl., masc.) longis.

  8. Paradigm • It is therefore obvious that every adjective has to have specific set of suffixes to express a relation with nouns in all grammatical cases (4), both grammatical numbers (2), and all the genders (3). • 4 x 2 x 3 = 24 different forms. • Adjectives do not have their own paradigms instead they borrow endings from first three declensions of nouns.

  9. Paradigm II. • There are two groups of adjectives: • adjectives that use endings from 1st and 2nd declension, • adjectives that use endings from 3rd declension. • In this lesson only the first group will be explained.

  10. Vocabulary form • Vocabulary form of an adjective expresses usually available endings in Nom. Sg. for all three genders. (The adjective does not have its own gender, but can be linked to a masculine, feminine or neutral noun.) Example: novus, a, um masculine ending neutral ending feminine ending

  11. Paradigms III. Singular Plural

  12. Comments • Please note that sometimes one ending can be found in various cases. I.e. longa corresponds with nouns of following parameters:- feminine, Nom., Sg.- feminine, Abl., Sg.- neutral, Nom., Pl.- neutral, Acc., Pl. • Limited amount of adjectives has in Nom. Sg. for masculine gender ending -er instead of -us. Those exceptions have in all the remaining cases and genders some endings as paradigm “longus, a, um”. This group of adjectives has a specific dictionary form: dexter, a, um; sinister, a, um. (The -er ending signifies clearly that the Nom. Sg. ending form masculines is -er).

  13. Endings of nouns and their corresponding adjectives can be similar, but in fact they are often different. Different endings: colon longum coli longi colon longum colo longo cola longa colorum longorum cola longa colis longis methodus bona methodi bonae methodum bonam methodo bona methodi bonae methodorum bonarum methodos bonas methodis bonis Similar endings: musculus longus musculi longi musculum longum musculo longo musculi longi musculorum longorum musculos longos musculis longis Noun methodus belongs among exceptions in the 2nd declension. It is flexed according the nervus paradigm, but it is a feminine. The adjective bonus has to reflex gender of the noun. In this case there is no specific -on ending for Nom. and Acc. of neutrals (see the paradigm).

  14. Textbook • Vocabulary is on the page 57 - 58, 75. • For explication see p. 72 - 74.

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