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Evolving Concepts of Wide Area Measurements in the Electric Power Industry

Evolving Concepts of Wide Area Measurements in the Electric Power Industry. R. Jay Murphy Macrodyne Inc. WAMS Definition. Real Time, Synchronized Data Acquisition used to Dynamically Control, Monitor, and Manage Power Grid Network Performance. WAMS Driving Forces.

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Evolving Concepts of Wide Area Measurements in the Electric Power Industry

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  1. Evolving Concepts of Wide Area Measurements in the Electric Power Industry R. Jay Murphy Macrodyne Inc.

  2. WAMS Definition Real Time, Synchronized Data Acquisition used to Dynamically Control, Monitor, and Manage Power Grid Network Performance

  3. WAMS Driving Forces • Large Interconnected Networks • August 1996 • August 2003 • Rapid Network Expansion

  4. WAMS Facilitation • Hardware Evolution • GPS Network • Communication Infrastructure

  5. WAMS Networks • WECC • CFE Mexico • North East China Power • Eastern Interconnect PP

  6. System-wide Controller Area Monitoring Cluster Monitoring OMU DPA MSU DPM SGU (gateway) DDB SGU (gateway) SGU (gateway) SGU (gateway) DDB UDC UDC GPS UDC NTP Server Substation n Substation 1 Substation 2 . . . . . . PMU DFR Relay PMU DFR Relay PMU DFR Relay WAMS Issues and Solutions Power Grid Information, Communication Foundation Lack of the Information, Communication Foundation !!!

  7. Substation Devices + Communication Network + Applications Support current WSCC applications and 3rd party application with API Unlimited MIPS for Real Time DPM PMU PMU OMU DFR DFR IDE DPA IDE SGU SGU DPA DDB DDB OMU WEB WEB DPM Networks UDC DPA UDC DDB DDB WEB WEB Large-scale, multi-input & multi-output IP based Network focusing on real time data flow (QoS) Scalable, Integrated and complete turn key solution Center Management & Distributed Opt. Resource & Information Sharing Embedded DDB & WEB Server Support both Legacy and advanced IEDs Compliant with current WSCC and IEEE 1344 (R2001), IEEE C37.118 Standards WSCC: PSM Tool kits Prony & Ringdown Stream Reader Spectrum Analyzer etc.

  8. Real timewide area synchronized phasor measurements such as those from PMUs, allow for innovative solutions to traditional utility problems. WAMS

  9. Advanced Network Protectionbased upon synchronized phasor measurements can be implemented, with options for improving overall system response to catastrophic events. WAMS

  10. Advanced Control Schemesusing remote feedback become possible in order to improve the performance of the controllers. WAMS

  11. Power System Monitoring and Analysisare much improved because precise snapshots of the system states are obtained through GPS synchronization. WAMS

  12. Precise Measurements of the Power System Statecan be obtained at frequent intervals so that dynamic phenomena can be grasped at the control center, and appropriate control actions taken. WAMS

  13. An early application of WAMS information will be ensuring bothVoltage and Dynamic Securityon the power system. WAMS

  14. Advanced Network Protection: The availability of wide area measurements in real time offers much advancement in power system protection. Excluding pilot schemes, most protection today relies on a pre-defined system study with certain assumptions. Use of real time data from different points could greatly reduce the chance of system error. WAMS

  15. Advanced Control: Numbers of controllable devices are being installed by the electric utility industry. Examples are: Power System Stabilizers, Static VAR Compensators, HVDC links, and Unified Power Flow Controllers. WAMS

  16. The tasks of these controllers are to act in such a way that the defined control objective functions are optimized. For example, a power system stabilizer may have as its objective the damping of electromechanical oscillations in the power system. The objective of an SVC controller may be to improve the voltage profile at certain critical buses in the network. WAMS

  17. In all cases, the controllers use locally derived signals as feedback. Since the phenomenon being controlled is often defined in terms of wide-area system variables, present day controllers depend upon a mathematical model of the control process, the system dynamics, and the relationship between the local variables and system state. WAMS

  18. Synchronized phasor measurements offer a unique opportunity to bring in the remote measurements of system state vector to the controller, and thus remove the uncertainty associated with the mathematical model from the control loop. WAMS

  19. Through this, the controller becomes primarilyfeedback-based, rather thanmodel-based, in its implementation. WAMS

  20. Advanced System Monitoring: To date, most monitoring has been relegated to post mortem analysis of catastrophic events on power systems. The extreme time accuracy of PMUs can greatly enhance this analysis if the units are widely deployed throughout the system and easily accessible. WAMS

  21. However, one area that has not received excessive analysis is the application of wide area sensors on a utility global level for on-line analysis. This type of system could revolutionize the way that present utility systems are operated and interact. WAMS

  22. These types of networks can providereal time monitoring, analysis, control, and trading potential for an area or even a country. WAMS

  23. One of the most important elements of modern Energy Management Systems currently deployedby electric utility companies is the State Estimation of the power system from real-time measurements. WAMS

  24. The state of the power system is defined as the collection of the positive sequence voltages at all the network buses obtained simultaneously. WAMS

  25. The technology of state estimation currently in use was developed in the 1960s, and is based on measurements that are unsynchronized. This results in a nonlinear equation that must be solved on-line to estimate the state of the system. WAMS

  26. Consequently, the state vector estimated in the present technology is updated on a periodic basis, and is incapable of providing information about the dynamic state of the power system. WAMS

  27. Synchronized phasor measurements provide a completely new opportunity to re-cast the entire state estimation process. With the use of the technology, much of the uncertainty and approximation inherent in the present state estimation systems will be removed, and the utilities will be in a position to move on toadvanced static and dynamic contingency analyses of their network in real-time. WAMS

  28. This new approach to system state estimation, or state measurement, could revolutionize the way systems are operated. System loading, intelligent adaptive contingency analysis, load shedding, stability and other applications could be greatly improved. WAMS

  29. Another extension of the dynamic state measurement is transaction clearing for energy trading. Instead of relying on “estimated” power system values from competing state estimators, the energy exchange could use thesynchronized measurement technology, coupled with high-speed data transmission networksto provide this information in real time. WAMS

  30. Future applications will be automatic controls to prevent or mitigate system disturbances, and operation planning assistance. Equipment outage data can be used in maintenance optimization. WAMS will coordinate with existing software and with FACTS devices. Benefits includefaster access to real-time information, enhanced automated control, increased asset utilization, and enhanced reliability. WAMS

  31. WAMS - Adaptive Relay • Changing Operating Levels Affect Ideal Relay Settings • Phase Angle Across Network Can be Utilized to Adjust Under Frequency Trip Levels • Modification to PMU Firmware Allows Output of Relay Trip Setting

  32. Adaptive Relay

  33. Adaptive Relay

  34. Active Disturbance Damping • Northwest US Develops Oscillation with Southwest. • Low Frequency Oscillations may Lead to System Breakup. • Power Transfer Levels Must be Reduced to Inhibit Instability. • Active Modulation of DC Intertie Permits Increased Transfer while Maintaining Stability.

  35. Active Disturbance Damping WAMSWWW

  36. Model Verification • Computer Models are Heavily Relied Upon to Predict Transfer Capacity, Stability, and Transient Performance. • Faulty Models will Lead to Erroneous Action and System Failure. • PMUs Permit, not only Accurate State Measurement, but Permit Comparison of Actual System Response with Model Prediction.

  37. Model Verification Power swings on total California-Oregon Interconnection (COI) for WSCC breakup of August 10, 1996. Standard WSCC model (MW).

  38. 方正 Fang Zheng 伊敏 Yi Min 沈阳 Shen Yang 哈南 Ha Nan 合心 He Xin 东丰 Dong Feng 元宝山 Yuan Bao Shan 绥中 Sui Zhong 锦州 Jin Zhou 辽阳 Liao Yang NECP WAMS Project Phase I • Three Provinces with Population of 120 Million • 500kV Power Grid, with E1 (2Mbps) Fiber Optic Network for WAMS • 21 PMU (17 Macrodyne, 4 Sifang) • 7 SGU, 1 UDC • China EPRI App • Phasor data stream rate @ 50 frame/second • Save 30 day of record w. same rate

  39. EASTERN INTERCONNECT PHASOR PROJECT • RESPONSE TO AUGUST 14, 2003 EVENT • DOE AND UTILITY FUNDED • IMPLEMENTATION BY AUGUST, 2004

  40. EASTERN INTERCONNECT PHASOR PROJECT • AEP, ENTERGY, NYPA, TVA • PDC DATA INTERCHANGE VIA IP • 50 PMUs INTERCONNECTED

  41. EASTERN INTERCONNECT PHASOR PROJECT • INITIAL GOALS • REAL-TIME DATA PRESENTATION • RAPID POST-MORTEM ANALYSIS • INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM ANALYSIS • NYPA STATE ESTIMATOR

  42. EASTERN INTERCONNECT PHASOR PROJECT • FUTURE GOALS • REAL-TIME DATA ANALYSIS • IMPROVED SYSTEM TRANSFER • SYSTEM STATE MEASUREMENT

  43. IMPLEMENTATION • SPECIAL PROBLEMS • SYSTEM UPGRADE • NEW CONSTRUCTION

  44. IMPLEMENTATION • MOST BENEFITS ARE INCREMENTALLY DERIVED • COSTS ARE INCREMENTALLY INCURRED

  45. Wide Area Measurement Systems ` WAMS/IEEE TORONTO August 9, 2004 QUESTIONS

  46. C H I E F J O E S P H G R A N D C O U L E E N A N E U M M I D W A Y T A F T H A R T F O R D L O W E R G A R R I S O N M O N U M E N T A L D W O R S H A K T O W N S E N D P O R T L A N D A R E A B R O A D V I E W B R O A D M A N C O L S T R I P M E D F O R D G R I Z Z L Y S U M M E R L A K E M A L I N M I D P O I N T B O R A H B R A D Y R O U N D O L I N D A M T . B E N J I M L A R M I E L O M O N D B R I D G E R R I V E R S T A . V A L M Y C A M P T A B L E M T . V A C A - T R A C Y W I L L I A M S D I X O N C R A I G D E N V E R I N T E R - M O U N T A I N B O N A N Z A A R E A R I F L E T E S L A S A N L U I S S I G U R D H U N T E R / E M E R Y H A R R Y A L L E N P I N T O R E D B U T T E G A T E S M A R K E T P L A C E M I D W A Y N A V G L E N A J D I A B L O O C A N Y O N C A N Y O N S A N J U A N F O U R L O S C O R N E R S D E V E R S A N G E L E S A R E A C H O L L A M I G U E L C O R O N A D O W E S T M E S A B L A C K W A T E R S P R I N G - E R V I L L E P H O E N I X A R E A P A L O N . G I L A V E R D E A R T E S I A G R E E N L E E A M R A D V A I L D I A B L O C A L I E N T E S E A T T L E / T A C O M A A R E A WSCC Grid S A N F R A N C I S C O A R E A

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