Technician’s List

1. Technician’s List • Two Demonstrations:- • Standing waves on a string (please leave string in the Sun or under UV Lamp) • Activity 150 D:- More complicated standing wave (just the standing wave on a loop please) • Worksheets:- AS_Unit1_Quantum_06_De_Broglie_Questions

2. Wave Particle Duality Quantum Physics Lesson 3

4. Today’s Objectives • Explain what is meant by wave-particle duality. • Describe the main points of de Broglie’s hypothesis that matter particles also have a wave-like nature. • State and use the equation λ = h/p = h/mv • Describe evidence for de Broglie’s hypothesis.

5. Wave particle duality • What evidence is there that light is a wave? • What evidence is there that light is a particle? Think about it yourself. Write a few sentences. Discuss with the person next to you

6. Prince Louis de Broglie1892-1987 • Electrons should not be considered simply as particles, but that frequency must be assigned to them also. (1929, Nobel Prize Speech)

7. Prince Louis de Broglie1892-1987 • Louis de Broglie reasoned that if Light can behave like a wave as well as a particle then matter can behave like a wave. • He predicted that all matter also behaves like a wave. • The wavelength of this wave will be inversely proportional to the object’s momentum. • The constant of proportionality is Planck’s Constant.

8. De Broglie (1924) • Suggested that particles such as electrons might show wave properties. • He summised that the de Broglie wavelength, λ was given by: m = mass v = velocity of the particle

9. Note that:- • This is a matter wave equation not electromagnetic wave • The de Broglie wavelength can be altered by changing the velocity of the particle.

10. The de Broglie wavelengthλ In 1923 de Broglie hypothesised: * Matter particles have a dual wave-particle nature * The wave like behaviour is characterised by a wavelengthλ λ h = planks constant m = mass v = velocity = h mv λ = h p λ Change the by changing a particle’s speed

11. The de Broglie wavelengthλ In 1923 de Broglie hypothesised: * Matter particles have a dual wave-particle nature * The wave like behaviour is characterised by a wavelengthλ λ h = Planks constant m = mass v = velocity = h mv λ = h p λ Change the by changing a particle’s speed

12. The de Broglie wavelengthλ In 1923 de Broglie hypothesised: * Matter particles have a dual wave-particle nature * The wave like behaviour is characterised by a wavelengthλ λ h = Planks constant m = mass v = velocity = h mv λ = h p λ Change the by changing a particle’s speed

13. In words...

14. The diffraction tube

15. Activity 240D Demonstration 'Superposing electrons' Video of activity http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnlP-z-cZBM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0xMgsnmE4Y – With explanation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vCRNGqXBPRk&feature=channel&list=UL

17. Summary of Experiment • Beam of electrons directed at a thin metal foil. • Rows of atoms cause the electron beam to be diffracted in certain directions only. • We observe rings due to electrons being diffracted by the same amount from grains of different orientations, at the same angle to the incident beam.

19. What we should see

20. Electron diffraction • 1927: Davisson & Gerner confirmed this prediction with experiments using electron beams. • They actually used a nickel target instead of a carbon one (we used) • The wavelength they measured agreed with de Broglie • There is a relationship between the accelerating voltage V and the k.e. of the particles

21. Diffraction effects have been shown for Hydrogen atoms Helium atoms Neutrons Neutron diffraction is an excellent way of studying crystal structures.

22. Activity 300S Software Based 'Electrons interfering one by one'

23. Energy Levels Explained • Two Demonstrations:- • Standing waves on a string • Activity 150 D:- More complicated standing wave (just the standing wave on a loop please)

24. De Broglie Wavelength • In 1932, De Broglie discovered that all particles with momentum have an associated wavelength. What is the wavelength of a human being, assuming he/she weighs 70 kg, and is running at 25 m/s?

25. Practice Questions 1.Find the wavelength of an electron of mass 9.00 × 10-31 kg moving at 3.00 × 107 m s-1 2.  Find the wavelength of a cricket ball of mass 0.15 kg moving at 30 m s-1. 3.  It is also desirable to be able to calculate the wavelength associated with an electron when the accelerating voltage is known. There are 3 steps in the calculation. Calculate the wavelength of an electron accelerated through a potential difference of 10 kV.

26. Step 1: Kinetic energy EK = eV = 1.6 × 10-19 × 10000 = 1.6 × 10-15 J • Step 2: EK = ½ mv2 = ½m (mv) 2 = p2 / 2m, so momentum p = √2mEk = √2 × 9.1 × 10-31 × 1.6 × 10-15 = 5.4 × 10-23 kg m s-1 • Step 3: Wavelength λ = h / p = 6.63 × 10-34 / 5.4 × 10-23 = 1.2 × 10-11 m = 0.012 nm.

27. Slit spacing, d Wavelength,  Distance to screen, L Fringe spacing, x d2 Laser d1 L1 Slits L2 Screen 1 Screen 2

28. End