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Discounting Factors

Discounting Factors. Walesh (2000), p. 230. Decision economics requires placing costs on a comparable basis. Discounting factors are used to convert a set of discrete and continuous costs and revenues to a common point in time or to a common period.

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Discounting Factors

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  1. Discounting Factors Walesh (2000), p. 230

  2. Decision economics requires placing costs on a comparable basis.

  3. Discounting factors are used to convert a set of discrete and continuous costs and revenues to a common point in time or to a common period.

  4. Discounting factors account for the time value of money, and allow you to compare apples to apples.

  5. Fig 8-6

  6. Example 1 Given: $10,000 is invested at 6% for four years. Earnings occur at simple interest with a single payment at the end of the four-year period. Find: Value of the single payment, that is, the original payment plus interest earned, at the end of four years. Solution: F = P(1+ni) = $10,000(1 + 4(0.06)) = $12,400

  7. Total interest = ? $2400 What is the difference between simple and compound interest? The investor does not earn interest on interest -- and the borrower does not pay interest.

  8. Fig 8-7

  9. Example 2 Given: $10,000 is invested at 6% for four years. Interest is compounded annually and a single payment is to be made at the end of four years. Find: Value of the single payment, i.e., original principal plus total interest earned (interest on interest) at the end of 4 years. Solution: F = P(1+i)n = 10,000(1.06)4 = $12,625

  10. Total interest is $2625, or $225 more that the $2400 interest earned from the simple interest version of the example. What if the interest is compounded monthly? i = 0.06/12 = 0.005 & n = 48 F = 10,000(1.005)48 = $2705

  11. Fig 8-8

  12. Example 7 Given: As a result of a trust established for you, you will receive $75,000 in ten years. Find: Present value of your trust on the assumption that interest is 6%. Solution: P = F/(1+i)n = $75,000/ (1.06)10 = $41,880

  13. $41,880 is the single-payment compound-amount that would need to be invested at 6% to yield $75,000 in ten years.

  14. The examples used up to now work with discrete (single) expenses, costs, incomes, and revenues. Another class of transactions is those involving a series of equal costs or incomes. Annuities are transactions involving a series of equal disbursements and/or receipts.

  15. Fig 8-9

  16. Fig 8-10

  17. Example 8 Given: Starting this year, you decide to put $2000 per year at the end of each year into a retirement plan earning 8%. Find: Value after 10 years and interest earned in 10 years. Solution: F = A((1+i)n – 1)/i = 2000(1.0810 – 1)/(0.08) = $28,973 Future value = $28,973, and interest = $28972 – (10)2000 = $8973.

  18. Fig 8 –11

  19. Example 9 Given: A small manufacturing plant projects that it will need $1 million for construction of a plant expansion in 10 years and can invest funds at 6% interest. Find: The amount invested at the end of each of 10 years to fund the expansion. Solution: A = F (i)/((1+i)n – 1) = $1,000,000(0.06)/(0.7908) = $75,870

  20. Example 10 (Series Present-Worth Example) Given: Annual O&M costs for a left-handed wrench painter are $11,500 and the economic life is 20 years. Find: The present worth of the O&M costs with interest = 6%. Solution: P = A((1+i)n – 1)/((i)(1+i)n) = $11500(1.0620 – 1)/(0.1924) = $131,902 Why would you want to know this?

  21. Fig 8-13

  22. Example 11 Given: Your new car costs $25,000. You pay $2500 down and finance the remainder for 36 months at 10%. Find: Monthly payments and total interest paid. Solution: i = 0.10/12 = 0.00833 A = P((i)(1+i)n/((1+i)n – 1) = $22500(0.00833)1.0083336/(1.0083336 – 1) =$725.96 monthly payment Interest = (36)725.96 – 22500 = $3634.56 Do you pay equal amounts of interest each month?

  23. Example 12 Gradient-Series Present-Worth Fig 8-14

  24. Example 12 Gradient-Series Present-Worth Given: For equipment being considered, the O&M cost is $1100 for the first year, and the cost per year increases at $100 per year. Find: Present worth of the O&M expenditures. Why would this be worth knowing? Can anyone give an example? Solution: Break the problem into an annuity and into a gradient series, as shown in Fig 8-15.

  25. Fig 8-15

  26. For the annual series (annuity) P = A(P/A, i, n) = 1000((1.0610 – 1)/((0.06)(1.06)10) P = $7360 For the gradient series P = G(GSPWF) = $3696 What is another way to work this problem?

  27. Page 239, Example 13

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