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Ecology

BIOLOGY. Ecology. A) What is Life. Seven Pillars of Life Cells are the basic unit of life Organization when more than one cell cells--> tissue--> organs--> organ systems -->Individuals Metabolism - organism uses energy Complex structures are broken down to make new structures

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Ecology

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  1. BIOLOGY Ecology

  2. A) What is Life Seven Pillars of Life • Cells are the basic unit of life • Organization when more than one cell cells--> tissue--> organs--> organ systems -->Individuals • Metabolism- organism uses energy Complex structures are broken down to make new structures Anabolism is fueled by catabolism • Grow- cells increase in size, then divide adding cells

  3. Seven Pillars of Life (Cont.) • Reproduce- producing offspring aides the species not the organism • Homeostasis- cells must react to the environment and maintain an internal balance • Adaptation to the environment is essential to the survival of the species, variation is key

  4. B) Components to an Ecosystem • Ecology -the study of the house • the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment • The “house” is made up of two pieces • Abiotic Factors- non-living factors • examples: Light, heat, water, atmosphere, and chemicals • Biotic Factors- all the organisms that share an environment • examples: critters, plants

  5. C) Levels of Ecological Organization

  6. Individual = 1 organism in an environment that must meet its needs Population =members of the same species that live in the same place at the same time and interbreed (1 Species) Community=a group of interacting populations in an environment (2+ Species) Ecosystem=all the living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) things in an environment Biomes=ecosystems with similar climate (temperature and precipitation levels) and types of biotic factors Biosphere= anywhere on earth where life exists

  7. Put it all together now……...

  8. D) Organismal Ecology • Habitat -is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular animal or plant species • It must provide 4 things: Food, Water, Shelter & Space • Niche -the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism can live • An organisms JOB in the environment • 2 types • 2 species with identical niches can’t coexist in a habitat Realized Niche The niche that a species occupies in the presence of competitor species Fundamental Niche The niche that a species occupies in the absence of competition from other species

  9. Competition- when two or more organisms attempt to occupy the same niche, and thus must share food, shelter, water & space • (Intraspecific-same species /Interspecific-different species) • Reduces the size of an organisms niche • Fundamental --> Realized • Is limited by dividing up resources, called resource partitioning Types of Jobs Producers Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Detritivores Decomposers

  10. This infamous study showed that the barnacle Balanus limited the fundamental niche, or range of living, of another barnacle called Chthamalus

  11. E) Ecosystem Ecology • The flow of energy and matter are observed at the ecosystem level • Energy flows in one direction • Thesun provides the majority of the energy for life on Earth • Energy flow is depicted by using food chains & food webs

  12. Food Chain -describes the eating relationships between species within an ecosystem - Arrows are used to show where the energy is going or who is doing the eating Food Webs - depict the multiple food chains of an ecosystem

  13. Marine Food Web

  14. Terrestrial Food Web

  15. Terrestrial Food Web

  16. Decomposers (bacteria& fungi) do not occupy a particular trophic level

  17. Trophic Levels- the position in a food chain that an organism belongs Draw the more complex version on the left side of your notes

  18. Terrestrial food chains rarely go higher than 4 trophic levels Marine food chains can go higher, more food available The bottom of the energy pyramid is much larger

  19. Ecological Pyramids Biomass-the total mass of living matter within a given unit of environmental area.

  20. Ecological Pyramids • Energy-the ability to do work, or produce change • Only 10% of the energy from one trophic level makes it to the next • 90% of the energy is lost primarily as heat • This limits the number of steps in the food chain

  21. F) Ecological Relationships Predation-Species A hunts and is a predator of Species B Predator-is the animal that hunts Prey- is the animal that is hunted

  22. Predator / Prey Grah

  23. Ecological Relationships Symbiosis-a situation where two organisms live together 3 Types Mutalism-is a relationship in which both partners benefit (+/+) * bacteria & termites * plant roots & fungi Parasitism-is a relationship in which one partner benefits the other is harmed(+/-) * some internal, some external * most efficient – parasites not causing death * deadly parasites are risky – need more hosts Commensalism- is a relationship in which one partner benefits the other is neither helped nor harmed (+/0) * barnacle & whale * burdock seed

  24. G) Community Ecology • Ecological Succession- the gradual change in the composition of a community in an ecosystem over time • In succession, one species replaces(succeeds) another over time

  25. Primary Succession-occurs when living things move onto new land. Requires a pioneer species such as a lichen Secondary Succession-occurs when living things recolonize an area that has undergone disturbance Climax Community-the stable, mature community that undergoes little change

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