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Russia, Prussia and Austria

Russia, Prussia and Austria. Russia. Seen as backward, no warm water ports, little trade, undeveloped resources 1613: Boyars (nobles) elect Michael Romanov as Tsar. Streltsy (Moscow garrison) have some control as well. Peter the Great (1682-1725). Streltsy install Peter as Tsar

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Russia, Prussia and Austria

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  1. Russia, Prussia and Austria

  2. Russia • Seen as backward, no warm water ports, little trade, undeveloped resources • 1613: Boyars (nobles) elect Michael Romanov as Tsar. • Streltsy (Moscow garrison) have some control as well.

  3. Peter the Great(1682-1725) • Streltsy install Peter as Tsar • Power struggle between, Sophia, streltsy and Peter. • Four goals = 1) tame boyars and streltsy, 2)control of church, 3)reorganize gov., 4)develop the economy

  4. Westernization • Impressed by the West so enforces new customs • 1697 Visited Western Europe in disguise to inspect shipyards, docks and military “factories”, and to seek help vs. Turks • 1703 Relocates capital at St. Petersburg

  5. Controlling Opposition • 1698 streltsy rebel; 1,200 put to death • In 1722 published the Table of Ranks that says privilege and social position are now from from rank in army and bureaucracy • Clergy opposed westernization; 1721 replaced patriarch with a synod, no monks under 50

  6. Domestic Administration • Created “colleges” that dealt with foreign affairs, war and economy • 1711 creates a nine-member senate to rule while he was away • Needed a bureaucracy to collect taxes for military spending

  7. War • Fought the Ottoman Empire • Fought Sweden in the Great Northern War (1700-1721); Peace of Nystad grants control of Estonia, Livonia and Finland and warm-water ports. ____________________________________ • 1725 dies with no heir. Chaos ensues.

  8. Habsburg Empire • After 1648 Habsburgs still have title of H.R.E. • Needed control of other territories • 1714 gain control of Spanish Netherlands after War of Spanish Succession

  9. Obstacles to Power • ethnic and religious diversity of Empire • legal diversity of claims • established central councils but regional

  10. The Habsburg Empire

  11. Significant Rulers • Leopold I (1658-1705): resists Turks and Louis XIV in Nine Years’ War, extends territory on the Balkans • Pragmatic Sanction = legal doc. That allows hereditary succession of H.R.E. • Maria Theresa (1740-1780) left without a strong army or treasury, has to elevate Hungary b/c War of Austrian Succession

  12. Prussia • Hohenzollern family ruled Brandenburg, East Prussia and other territories (2nd only to Habsburgs) • Frederick William aka the Great Elector (1640-1688) broke the medieval parliaments, organized royal bureaucracy, and built a strong army • Gave Junkers control over their serfs, tax collecting power, and military prestige

  13. Monarchy Established • Frederick I (1688-1713) receives crown from H.R.E. Leopold I for help in War of Spanish Succession. • Frederick William I (1713-1740) militarized the bureaucracy and expanded the military, made the officer corps the highest social class • Frederick II (1740-1786) invades Austria and consolidates Germany

  14. The War of the Austrian Succession: (1740-1748) • Prussia seizes the Austrian province of Silesia with France supporting Prussia. Britain comes to Austria’s aid to keep Belgium Austrian • Prussia becomes head of a powerful German state • Ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle The Seven Years War: (1756-1763) • Prussia invades Saxony. France, Austria, Sweden, Russia and other German states oppose while Britain aids. • Britain takes over France’s colonies in Canada and Prussia becomes a great continental power.

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