PRUSSIA over Austria ?

1. 569-577 * Create a graphic organizer describing and illustrating the rise of Austria and Prussia during the 17th and 18th century.

2. Rise of Austria and Prussia: - Despite the strength of the nobility in East Elbia, royal absolutism did grow during the 17th century. - WHY?

3. Rise of Austria and Prussia: - Despite the strength of the nobility in East Elbia, royal absolutism did grow during the 17th century. - WHY?- War and the threat of war helped kings increase power- During this atmosphere of “Wartime Emergency” kings began to reduce the power of the nobility in three ways:

4. Rise of Austria and Prussia: - Despite the strength of the nobility in East Elbia, royal absolutism did grow during the 17th century. - WHY?- War and the threat of war helped kings increase power- During this atmosphere of “Wartime Emergency” kings began to reduce the power of the nobility in three ways: - They imposed and collected taxes w/out consent.

5. Rise of Austria and Prussia: - Despite the strength of the nobility in East Elbia, royal absolutism did grow during the 17th century. - WHY?- War and the threat of war helped kings increase power- During this atmosphere of “Wartime Emergency” kings began to reduce the power of the nobility in three ways: - They imposed and collected taxes w/out consent. - Maintained permanent standing armies.

6. Rise of Austria and Prussia: - WHY?- War and the threat of war helped kings increase power- During this atmosphere of “Wartime Emergency” kings began to reduce the power of the nobility in three ways: - They imposed and collected taxes w/out consent. - Maintained permanent standing armies. - Conducted relations with other nations as they pleased.

7. PRUSSIA over Austria ? - However, Absolutism in Eastern Europe did have importantvariations: - The royal absolutism created in Prussia was much STRONGER than that of Austria.

8. PRUSSIA over Austria ? - However, Absolutism in Eastern Europe did have importantvariations: - The royal absolutism created in Prussia was much STRONGER than that of Austria. - IMPORTANT since this gave a slight edge to Prussia over Austria in terms of political control of Eastern Europe, which allowed Prussia to later UNITE Germany into one state.

9. Issues • Events • Battles • Wars • Threats • Laws • Policies • Methods • OR

10. Groups: FRONT 4. Prussia Frederick William 1. Austria Ferdinand II 5. Prussia Frederick William I (Soldier King) 2. Austria Ferdinand III 3. Austria Charles VI 6. Ottoman Suleiman “The Great”

11. The Austrian Habsburgs Ferdinand II Ferdinand III Charles VI (r. 1711-1740)

12. Austria: Habsburgs • After the Thirty Years War Austria was exhausted! • Although the Habsburgs remained hereditary rulers of the Holy Roman Empire, in reality they held little power over the 300 or so kingdoms that now existed. • They were forced to unify their diverse holdings into a united state. • Habsburg King Ferdinand II made headway when in 1620 he crushed an uprising by the Bohemian Estates (Protestant) at the Battle of the White Mountain in the Czech region. • Ferdinand also gave confiscated Protestant lands in Bohemia to Catholic nobles.

13. Austria: Habsburgs • After the Thirty Years War Austria was exhausted! • They were forced to unify their diverse holdings into a united state. • Battle of the White Mountain • Ferdinand also gave confiscated Protestant lands in Bohemia to Catholic nobles. • These nobles helped Austria take direct control over Bohemia. • HOWEVER, peasants continued to suffer: • The “robot” (forced labor 3 days a week) became the norm for peasants, and about 25% worked every day for the lords (except holidays).

14. Austria: Habsburgs • After the Thirty Years War Austria was exhausted! • They were forced to unify their diverse holdings: • Ferdinand III (r.1637-57) • Centralized control over Austria, Styria and Tyrol using a permanent army to secure the CORE of the state. • The Ottoman threat • Ottoman’s settled in Anatolia (Turkey) in the 1500’s and under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-66) established the most powerful empire in the world. • As followers of Islam they were a threat to Catholic Austria.

15. Austria: Habsburgs • The Ottoman threat • Ottoman’s settled in Anatolia (Turkey) in the 1500’s and under Sultan Suleiman, • As followers of Islam they were a threat to Catholic Austria. • In 1683 Turkish army laid siege to Vienna. • Were forced to retreat by a combined force of Habsburg, Saxon, Bavarianand Polish troops. • Russian and Venetian forces chased Turks further eastward. • Austria then was able to takeover Hungary and Transylvania.

16. 569-577 (Day 2) * Create a graphic organizer describing and illustrating the rise of Austria and Prussia during the 17th and 18th century.

17. Austria: Habsburgs • The Ottoman threat • This also allowed Austria to develop a strong, professional and permanent standing army. • By1699, the Habsburg state was composed of three regions: • The “old” hereditary provinces of Austria • Kingdom of Bohemia (Czech) • Hungary • However, each region continued to have its own separate laws and political “estates” to rule locally but under the authority of the Habsburg king.

18. Austrian Empire: 1657-1718

19. Austria: Habsburgs • King Charles VI (r.1711-40) • The Habsburgs were concerned about the fragility of their “empire”. • So, in 1713, Charles VI proclaimed the “Pragmatic Sanction” which stated that Habsburg lands MUST never be divided and MUST be passed to a single heir (EVEN if it was a queen!). • Why was Charles so concerned? • In Hungary, the nobility never fully accepted Habsburg rule. (made up 5-7% of population). • Much of the Hungarian population remained Protestant and resisted being “re-Catholicized”. • Also, the Ottoman Turks had been tolerant.

20. Austria: Habsburgs • King Charles VI (r.1711-40) • Why was Charles so concerned? • In Hungary, the nobility never fully accepted Habsburg rule. (made up 5-7% of population). • Much of the Hungarian population remained Protestant and resisted being “re-Catholicized”. • Also, the Ottoman Turks had been tolerant. • So, while the Habsburgs were fighting in the “War of Spanish-Succession”, Hungarians rose up under leadership of Prince Rakoczy in 1703! • Charles VI eventually put down the uprising, however, Hungary NEVER fully under control

21. Frederick William I “Soldier King” 1713-1740 Ottoman Suleiman “The Magnificent” Frederick William “The Great Elector” 1640-1688

22. Prussia: Hohenzollerns • Why was it unexpected that Prussia would ever rise to political importance? • Hohenzollerns land holdings were divided geographically (see map p.574) between Brandenburg (one of the electors of the H.R.E.) and Prussia. • Also, the Thirty Years War had devastated their lands, population and weakened the Estates. • Opportunity • This allowed Frederick William (r.1640-88) the “Great Elector” to unite the three areas of Brandenburg, Prussia and the scattered holdings in Western Germany.

23. Prussia

24. Prussia: Hohenzollerns • Frederick William (r.1640-88) the “Great Elector” • Problem was that each kingdom still had its own Estates dominated by “junkers” (nobility and land- owning classes). • How is Frederick William able to take control? • He forces the Estates to accept taxation without consent by creating a permanent “state of emergency” by always being at war. • Junkers refused to join with the commoners to oppose Frederick William’s agenda.

25. Prussia: Hohenzollerns • How does Prussian Absolutism finally come together? • Frederick William’s successor Frederick III “the Ostentatious” or King Frederick I (r. 1688-1713) was a weak ruler. • Frederick William I “the Solders’ King” (r.1713-40) reversed this by creating a powerful militaristic state: • Tried to recruit the tallest soldiers he could find due to their physical strength as “Grenadiers”. • Dedicated to the military style of life. • Held philosophy of politics in Europe as being “dog eat dog” mentality.

26. Prussia: Hohenzollerns • How does Prussian Absolutism finally come together? • Frederick William I “the Solders’ King” (r.1713-40) Tried to recruit the tallest soldiers he could find due to their physical strength as “Grenadiers”. • Dedicated to the military style of life. • Held philosophy of politics in Europe as being “dog eat dog” mentality. • Enlisted help of Junkers by making them into officers in his military. • Increased size of Prussian army from 38,000 to 83,000 troops! • Built an honest and efficient bureaucracy • Became known as the “Sparta of the North”

27. Frederick William I “Soldier King” 1713-1740 Ottoman Suleiman “The Magnificent” Frederick William “The Great Elector” 1640-1688

28. Ottoman Turks: Suleiman • Ottoman Turks challenged Austria for control of Hungary. • Background • From Central Asia they moved into Anatolia (Turkey) during the rule of Sultan Suleiman “the Magnificent” (r. 1520-66). • Established one of the great military empires from Persia to North Africa to Eastern Europe. • Followers of Islam, Turks were foes of the Catholic Habsburgs of Austria.

29. Threat to AUSTRIA!

30. Ottoman Turks: Suleiman • Political Organization • No private property ownership as all land belonged to the sultan, there was no nobility. • Sultan’s bureaucracy was staffed by a slave corps created from a special tax collected from the Christian populations of the Balkans. • Tax was 1000-3000 children to be raised as Muslims and trained to either be administrators or soldiers. • Soldiers were to be part of the Sultan’s elite “Janissary Corps”.

31. Ottoman Turks: Suleiman • Political Organization • Ottomans were tolerant of other religions: • Divided their subjects into like religious communities called “millets”. • Each millet enjoyed full autonomous self- government as long as they paid tribute (tax). • After the death of Suleiman in 1566, the empire began to weaken due poor leadership. • However, they made one last attempt at taking over Hungary in 1683 by surrounding Vienna. • But after two months, a combined force of Habsburgs, Saxon, Bavarian and Polish troops forced them to retreat!.

32. Threat to AUSTRIA!