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Respiratory Tract Conditions. Chapter 22. Lungs. Occupy majority of thoracic cavity Primary bronchial tubes Alveoli. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections. Often caused by viruses No participation in physical activity Fever (≥100.5°F) Severe malaise Myalgias Weakness
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Respiratory Tract Conditions Chapter 22
Lungs Occupy majority of thoracic cavity Primary bronchial tubes Alveoli
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Often caused by viruses No participation in physical activity Fever (≥100.5°F) Severe malaise Myalgias Weakness Shortness of breath Dehydrated
Common Cold Contagious Person–person contact Airborne droplets Key—prevention!!!!
Common Cold (cont.) • S&S (begin 1–2 days after exposure and last 1–2 weeks) • Rhinorrhea • Sneezing • Nonproductive cough • Eye irritation • Malaise • Sore throat • Low-grade fever/chills • Management • No cure—viral; OTCs can alleviate symptoms • Rest; fluids • Vitamin C; zinc gluconate
Sinusitis Inflammation of the paranasal sinus Bacterial, viral, allergy, or environmental factors Often triggered by obstruction of passageway between the sinuses S&S Congestion Facial pain (behind cheeks and eyes, above teeth) Purulent discharge possible Coughing Swelling of eyes Fever and chills
Sinusitis (cont.) Bacterial infection—drainage will be dark; other causes—clear Management Physician referral Control infection, reduce mucosal edema, and allow for nasal discharge
Pharyngitis Viral, bacterial, or fungal infection of the pharynx, leading to a “sore throat” S&S Throat—dark red Tonsils swollen and red (possible pus present) Swallowing—painful Ear pain (due to swallowing) Rhinorrhea Lymphangitis Headache Cough Low-grade fever
Pharyngitis (cont.) • Management • Physician referral—must rule out “strep”; requires antibiotic • Otherwise, treat symptoms—rest, fluids, warm saline gargles, lozenges, and analgesics
Laryngitis Tissues below level of epiglottis are swollen and inflamed S&S Weak, hoarse, gravely voice Sore throat Fever Cough (usually dry and nonproductive) Difficulty swallowing Management Self-limiting Decrease talking! Treat symptoms
Tonsillitis Lymph glands located at back of throat Help protect the pharynx by filtering disease-producing bacteria S&S Inflamed and enlarged tonsils Fever Painful swallowing Sore throat Slight voice change Acute cases: treated with antibiotics Chronic: surgical removal
Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) Seasonal allergic rhinitis Involves a specific period of symptoms in successive years Caused by airborne pollens or fungus spores associated with that season Perennial allergic rhinitis Occurs year-round if continually exposed to allergens
Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) (cont.) • S&S • Postnasal drainage leads to chronic sore throat and bronchial infection • Take a complete history • Management • Limiting exposure to allergen • Suppressive medication to alleviate symptoms
Bronchitis Inflammation of mucosal lining of tracheobronchial tree Acute Commonly seen in physically active individuals Involves bronchial swelling, mucus secretion, and increased resistance to expiration S&S Coughing Wheezing Large amounts of purulent mucus
Bronchitis (cont.) Chronic bronchitis Can progress to serious illness S&S Marked cyanosis Edema Large production of sputum Abnormally high levels of CO2 and low levels of O2
Bronchitis (cont.) • Management • Viral—no specific therapy available • Bacterial—treated more effectively with macrolides • Chronic—medical supervision to control symptoms and prevent systemic failure
Bronchial Asthma Caused by: Constriction of smooth bronchial muscles Increased bronchial secretions Mucosal swelling Leads to inadequate airflow during respiration (especially expiration)
Bronchial Asthma (cont.) S&S Wheezing Rapid fatigue Acute attack Thick yellow/green sputum Anxiety Sweating Rapid heart rate Cyanosis, ↓ LOC in severe cases
Bronchial Asthma (cont.) • Management • Seek medical help if no medications have been prescribed • Administer prescribed medications
Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm Various factors can contribute to severity; ↑ riskwithallergies, sinus disease, hyperventilation Key—amount of ventilation and temperature of inspired air ↑ ventilations in cold, dry, air → ↑ EIB risk ↑ strenuous exercise → ↑ ventilations Use of peak flowmeter Normal: up to a 10% ↓ in FEV1 after exercise Mild EIB: ↓ 10%–20% Moderate to severe EIB: ↓ 20%–40% Severe EIB: >40%
Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm (cont.) S&S Chest pain and tightness Regular dry cough SOB after or during exercise Symptoms appear after 8–10 minutes of activity and may worsen after activity stops Refractory period
Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm (cont.) • Management • Prescribed medications • Use of inhaler • Proper warm-up and cool-down
Influenza Viral bronchitis caused by Haemophilusinfluenzae type A, B, or C Often epidemics—immunization available S&S ↑ temperature Chills Malaise Headache General muscle aches Hacking cough Inflamed mucous membranes Rapid onset within 24–48 hours of exposure
Influenza (cont.) • Management • Rest and fluids • Cough medications and analgesics for pain and fever • Referral—fever does not reduce within 24 hours or fever >103°F
Pneumonia Inflammation and infection of lungs Caused by bacteria, viruses, mycoplasmas, and other infectious agents S&S (can vary with type of organism causing infection) Bacterial pneumonia Often follows URI Symptoms appear suddenly Shaking, chills, a high fever, sweating Chest pain (pleurisy) Cough that produces thick, rust-colored, greenish or yellow phlegm
Pneumonia (cont.) Viral pneumonia Starts with a dry (nonproductive) cough, headache, fever, muscle, and fatigue Progression—may become breathless and develop cough that produces phlegm Risk of developing a secondary bacterial pneumonia as well Management Bacterial pneumonia—antibiotics Viral—rest and fluids; antibiotics are not effective