BIO 244: General Microbiology

1. BIO 244: General Microbiology Chapter 9 Biotechnology and ___________ DNA Watson and Crick 1953

2. Biotechnology andRecombinant DNA • BIOTECHNOLOGY: • The use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to_____________________ • Foods – bacteria to make yogurt, yeast to make dough • Antibiotics • Vitamins • Enzymes – to remove stains RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY: • Insertion or modification of ________ to produce desired proteins • Using living organisms as factories to make products that they _____________________ = GENETIC ENGINEERING

3. ______________ DNA TECHNOLOGY Figure 9.1

4. TOOLS in RECOMBINANT DNA PROCEDURES • ____________ENZYMES • cut desired ____ sequences • ________________ • carry new DNA to desired cells • ______________ CELL (host) • make genetically identical cells that replicate genes • POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ________

5. ______________ ENZYMESDNA ___________ Enzymes • Cut ____________ sequences of DNA • Destroy ____________ DNA that enters bacterial cells

6. _______________ • Carry new DNA to desired cell • Types of Vectors: • ________________ • Circular, extrachromosomal DNA • _________________ • Bacteriophages Virus

7. RECIPIENT _________ CELLS • DESIRABLE FEATURES: • Rapid turnover, fast ______________ • Can be grown in large quantities, ________________________ • Nonpathogenic • _______ are well-mapped • Capable of accepting plasmid or bacteriophage vectors • Will produce high yield of ___________ from expressed foreign genes

8. _____________ Chain Reaction (PCR)A molecular __________ machine for DNA amplification ________ DNA - sequence of DNA with selected gene Primers – short pieces of nucleic acids that dictate portion of DNA to be amplified Figure 9.4.1

9. Figure 9.4.2

10. Summary of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) • To make multiple copies of a piece of DNA ________________ • Production of billions of copies of __________ DNA sequences • Used to: • ________ DNA for recombination • ________ DNA to detectable levels • Sequence DNA • Diagnose genetic disease • Detect __________ • By using primers unique to a specific organism

11. DNA _______ to IDENTIFY _______ Figure 9.12.1

12. DNA ______ to IDENTIFY ______ (cntd.) Figure 9.12.2

13. RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Therapeutic Applications • Efficient, inexpensive product production • hormones • Gene therapy to replace defective or missing genes • Human ________ Project: J. Craig Venter and Francis Collins • Human genome sequenced • 3.1 billion base pairs that make up DNA had been identified and put in proper order • Human _______ Project may provide diagnostics and treatments

14. Fundamental Tools in Genetic Engineering/Biotechnology • _____________ ENZYMES • ____ DNA into fragments • GEL ELECTROPHORESIS • Separate DNA fragments according to __________ • Agarose gel • Electric current • DNA _________ • Single-stranded pieces of DNA __________________ • ______________ • Single-stranded DNA • Serve as sites for DNA polymerase to bind

15. TOOLS of GENETIC ENGINEERING- Agarose Gel Electrophoresis and ___________

16. Recombinant Technique: ______________The use of _______ to identify given DNA sequences

17. ____________________

18. Recombinant Technique: DNA FingerprintingScience takes the Witness Stand • Features: • Restriction Enzymes • Cut DNA • Electrophoresis • Separates ________________ • Hybridization probes • Locate specific DNA sequences • _________ • To increase the number of DNA copies • ________________ Technique • Produce visible record

19. DNA Fingerprinting

20. _________________ Treating a disease by _________________