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Hydraulic Fracturing

Hydraulic Fracturing. Class: Energy and the Environment Professor: Dr. Kazi Javed By: Jeannie Jenkins Date: 12-08-11. First American Uses 1600s – Native Americans 1821 – Gunsmith in Fredonia, New York 1827 - Lighthouse on Lake Erie 1840 – Salt Distillery in Pennsylvania Components

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Hydraulic Fracturing

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  1. Hydraulic Fracturing Class: Energy and the Environment Professor: Dr. Kazi Javed By: Jeannie Jenkins Date: 12-08-11

  2. First American Uses • 1600s – Native Americans • 1821 – Gunsmith in Fredonia, New York • 1827 - Lighthouse on Lake Erie • 1840 – Salt Distillery in Pennsylvania • Components • Methane • A relatively • small amount of nitrous oxides, sulfur oxides, and metals when burned • Power Plant – Electricity • Homes – Cooking, heating water and living spaces, and running appliances 1. Natural Gas

  3. 1947 – Hugoton, Kansas • 600 trillion ft3 attained in 6 decades • “millions of well-paying jobs, billions in state and federal revenue, and a real path to a clean and affordable energy future” 2. History of Hydraulic Fracturing

  4. Vertical and Horizontal Drilling • Sand (or man-made materials), water, and additives • Cement • Piping • Pressure 3. Process

  5. Before, during, and after drilling • Acids, biocides, breakers, clay stabilizers, corrosion inhibitors, cross linkers, friction reducers, gelling agents, iron controls, non-emulsifiers, pH adjusting agents, scale inhibitors, and surfactants 4. Additives

  6. State -“well design, location, spacing, operations, water management and surface disturbance” • Federal - Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, National Environmental Policy Act, Occupational Safety and Health Act, and the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 5. Regulations

  7. Enough for projected consumption • Lowers need to import • States can regulate the fracking process • Reduce air contaminants (smog, Hg) by burning natural gas instead of oil • Marcellus Shale 54,000 mi2, 168-516 trillion ft3 natural gas • 300,000 new wells in next 20-30 years is surmised 6. Positive Remarks

  8. U.S. House of Rep Survey of 14 leading oil and gas companies - Additives: Health Effects and Appearance in Drinking Water - 2,500 products used in the fracking process - 780 million gal in 4 years (not including water used) - 650 products: Known Carcinogens, Regulated Under Safe Water Act, or Hazardous Air Pollutants 7. Concerns (a.)

  9. Among the Chemicals - Acetone - NH3 - Benzene - Boric Acid - Diesel - Formaldehyde - HCl - Kerosene - Pb - H2SO4 - Toluene 7. Concerns (b.)

  10. Pros - Electricity and Heat - Independent Source • Cons - Fossil Fuel Dependency - Pollution - Suffering of Living Things - Death 8. Conclusions

  11. America’s Natural Gas Alliance (ANGA). (2011). State-Based Regulation. <http://anga.us> • Democrats Committee on Energy & Commerce. (2011). Committee Democrats Release New Report Detailing Hydraulic Fracturing Products. <http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov> • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2011). Hydraulic Fracturing. <http://water.epa.gov> • Finkel, M.L. and Law, A. (2011). The Rush to Drill for Natural Gas: A Public Health Cautionary Tale. Am. J. Public Health 101: 784-785. • FracFocus. (2011). What Chemicals Are Used. <http://fracfocus.org> • Halliburton. (2011). Hydraulic Fracturing 101. <http://www.halliburton.com> • Nersesian, R.L. (2007) Energy for the 21st Century: A Comprehensive Guide to Conventional and Alternative Sources. M.E. Sharpe: Armonk, NY. • U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2010). EIA energy outlook projects growing reliance on natural gas from shale, reduced energy import shares, and increased electricity generation from renewables and natural gas. <http://www.eia.gov> References

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