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Jefferson, Madison, Monroe and Adams. Chapter 10. Thomas Jefferson. Declaration of Independence. “we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal . . .”. Montecello. Interior Montecello. Jefferson children. Barbary Wars.
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Jefferson, Madison, Monroe and Adams Chapter 10
Declaration of Independence • “we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal . . .”
Barbary Wars • “Tributes” : fees paid to leaders of the Barbary coast
US Philadelphia taken • This is the first declaration of war against the US by a foreign power.
“Heroes” • William Eaton re-cruited mercenaries and marched 500 miles to attack Tripoli and rescue US sailors • Stephen Decatur sailed into Tripoli harbor and set the Philadelphia on fire
Jefferson Legacies • Believed the independent farmer was the foundation of the nation • Succeeded in reducing the size of the military and in reducing taxes • Reduced the national debt • Louisiana Purchase • Lewis and Clark Expedition
Tecumseh • “No tribe has the right to sell [these lands], even to each other, much less to strangers . . . Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the great sea, as well as the earth? Didn’t the Great Spirit make them all for the use of his children?”
William Henry Harrison • Indiana’s territorial governor, assembled the leaders of the Potawatomi, Miami, and Delaware tribes • negotiated the Treaty of Fort Wayne, falsely saying it would be the last land the US would seek; • He purchased 3,000,000 acres at about 2 cents per acre.
Battle of Tippecanoe • Harrison’s forces were victorious and burned Prophetstown; • the battle brought together several tribes to oppose white settlement in the Indiana territory
Victory? • frontier violence actually increased after the battle.
War of 1812—causes • Indian conflicts in the Northwest Territory • Attacks on American ships by France and England • The War Hawks—Henry Clay from Kentucky and John C. Calhoun from South Carolina
The War • 1813 January: British and Indian allies repel American troops at the Battle of Frenchtown (present-day Michigan). American survivors are killed the following day in the Raisin River Massacre (present-day Michigan). • 1813 October: The warrior Tecumseh is killed at the Battle of the Thames (Canada). • 1814 August 24, 24: The British burn Washington, DC in retaliation for the burning of York. President James Madison flees the Capital. • 1814 September The Battle of Plattsburg on Lake Champlain is a major American victory, securing its northern border. The Battle of Baltimore takes place at Fort McHenry, where Francis Scott Key wrote The Star Spangled Banner.
General Andrew Jackson • Battle of Horseshoe Bend more than 550 Indians killed and several hundred more died trying to cross the river
End of the War of 1812 • 1814 December: The Treaty of Ghent.Americans and British diplomats agree to the terms of a treaty and return to the status quo from before the war. • 1815 January Andrew Jackson defeats the British at the Battle of New Orleans.
Who Won the War of 1812? • No one. • The ones that benefited were the young politicians called the War Hawks • Biggest losers were the Indians who lost leaders, land, and the British protectors
Hartford Convention • A gathering of anti-war Federalists in New England • They discussed strategies to weaken the political power of the South • Secession? • Eliminate three-fifths clause? • The Convention resulted in the Federalist party losing any authority it had
Women’s Status During this Era • Based on British Common Law • Wives had no independent legal or political personhood • Legal doctrine of feme covert holds that a wife’s civic life is subsumed by that of her husband
Legal rights • By 1820, all states but South Carolina recognized a limited right to divorce • Single, adult women could own and convey property, make contracts, initiate lawsuits, and pay taxes. They could not vote, serve on juries, or practice law.
Women in churches • Most Protestant denominations barred women from governance • Quakers and Baptists in New England made exceptions
Jemima Wilkinson • Small number of women preachers between 1790 and 1820, i.e. Jemima Wilkinson, a “Publick Universal Friend,” claimed to be genderless and dressed in men’s clothing
Women in Education • “female academies” • Examples:Troy Female Seminary in New York founded by Emma Willard in 1821 and Hartford Seminary in Connecticut founded by Catharine Beecher in 1822
President James Monroe • Formulated the Monroe Doctrine
Missouri Compromise • Maintain a balance in the Senate between slaveholding and non-slaveholding states • Limit all future expansion of slavery to territory south of Missouri’s southern border • Maine joins the Union at the same time as Missouri
Why is the North concerned? • Three-fifths law gave the south more representation • In 1820, the South owed seventeen of its seats in the House of Representatives to its slave population • One Georgia representative said that the debate over Missouristarted “a fire which all the waters of the ocean could not extinguish. It can be extinguished only in blood.”
Election of 1824 • First presidential election to have a popular vote tally • Andrew Jackson won the popular vote • John Quincy Adams was second • In the electoral college, Jackson won 99 votes to Adams’ 84. • The election went to the House of Representatives where Adams won by one vote • Jackson called the election the “corrupt bargain”
