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Gender & Social Roles

Gender & Social Roles. Sex = anatomical & physiological attributes of males and females. Gender = cultural and psychological attributes children learn as appropriate for the sexes Gender is socio-culturally defined. Definitions. The Five Sexes Fausto-Sterling (1993). 1- Male = testes

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Gender & Social Roles

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  1. Gender & Social Roles

  2. Sex = anatomical & physiological attributes of males and females Gender = cultural and psychological attributes children learn as appropriate for the sexes Gender is socio-culturally defined Definitions

  3. The Five SexesFausto-Sterling (1993) 1- Male = testes 2- Female = ovaries 3- Hermaphrodites = 1 testes & 1 ovary 4- Merms = Male pseudohermaphrodites i.e., testes & some aspect of female genitalia 5- Ferms = Female pseudohermaphrodites i.e., ovaries & some aspect of male genitalia

  4. The Issue of Sex Roles • Approximately 4% of births may be intersexuals e.g., approximately 560 of the 14,000 students at WSU • Cultures may have clearly defined roles for men or women, but not for both e.g., Berdache, Levines in Nepal

  5. We’Wha (1849-1896) (Two Spirit or lhamana) • Zuni = lhamana • Lakota = wintkes • Mohave = alyha • Navajo = nadleeh • México = ira’ muxe • Berdache = Persian term for lover or boyfriend; colonized and seen as offensive by some American Indians

  6. Sexual Attitudes & BehaviorBaron & Byrne (1994) • Sexual attitudes = beliefs about and evaluations of various aspects of human sexuality • Blacks- more positive attitudes and more open about sexuality than whites or Latinos; more apt to have had premarital intercourse before European Americans; Similar to European Americans in attitudes toward oral sex, masturbation, and homosexuality

  7. Unlike popular stereotypes about them, Latino college students express more conservative sexual attitudes and are less sexually active than European Americans; Cultural stress of Marianismo & Machismo may contribute to Latino sexual attitudes; Changes in attitude may be found in Hispanic Americans toward sexuality, abortion, and family planning

  8. What’s Appropriate & Moral? • Cultural differences in sexual behavior • Erotic differences i.e., breasts, feet, armpits... • Orgasms for women and men Mangaian vs Innis Beag • Same sex vs heterosexual sex encounters • Sexual practices • Dating/sexual scripts

  9. Developing CompetenceFagot (1994) • Maccoby & Jacklin– physical aggression V nurturing actvities • Gender segregation • Distance from adults • Building Master skills • Title IX

  10. Gender Segregation ConsequencesLeaper (1994) • Creation of gender cultures • Assertion V Affiliation • Toys, Play, Power • Independence/task orientation V intimacy • Physical aggression V Nurturance/Affection • Competition/dominance/social sensitivity Glass Ceiling • Appearance

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