IMPLICATIONS OF NATURAL GAS INTERCHANGABILITY FOR CALIFORNIA GAS CUSTOMERS

1. IMPLICATIONS OF NATURAL GAS INTERCHANGABILITY FOR CALIFORNIA GAS CUSTOMERS Industrial and Commercial Burners – GTI lead Appliances – LBNL lead David Rue, GTI, August 9, 2005

2. Interchangeability is Defined As - The ability to substitute one gaseous fuel for another in a combustion application without materially changing operational safety or performance and without materially increasing air pollutant emissions Source – NGC+ Working Group on Interchangeability White Paper presented to FERC, Feb. 2005

3. What Needs to be Learned?

4. Industrial and Commercial Burners • Often much high capacity than appliance burners • Much more tightly controlled – air/fuel ratio is in range where small differences change performance • Burners are always part of a combustion system • Quest for efficiency and low emissions produces burner types sensitive to fuel gas changes • Interchangeability indices will be different from those relevant to appliance burners

5. Industrial Burner Interchangeability • Commercial and industrial combustion systems to be evaluated • Most process sensitivity with changing flame conditions • tightest emissions regulations will be identified • Greatest concern with stable operation • Effects of fuel changes will be measured for • Operating characteristics – gases, blending, switching, air/fuel ratio, turn down. • Performance characteristics – flame length and shape, flame temperature, heat flux, flame stability, etc. • Regulatory characteristics – emissions, opacity, air quality, etc.

6. Project Tasks

7. Task 1 • The objective is to prepare for industrial and commercial burner interchangeability studies emphasizing burners of importance in California • Work period – 3 months • Start date – by Sept. 1, 2005 • Participants – GTI .

8. Task 1 Activities • Literature review – burner studies, protocols, indices proposed, etc. • Review of industrial burners and control systems in common use • Review previous listing – including SoCalGas • Discuss with major burner makers • Protocol selection, modification, and development • Natural gas, LNG, unconventional gas ranges of composition and heating value for testing

9. Protocols • Gas preparation, metering, blending, etc. • Test procedures for burner operating conditions, test order, gas switching, control system operation, etc. • Monitoring procedures to track flame characteristics and heat transfer • Means to track emissions including NOx, CO, unburned hydrocarbons, particulates, and trace species

10. Collecting Information • Gas data collected from gas industry sources, LNG suppliers, blending calculations • Summarize and document available techniques for monitoring combustion equipment, suggest modifications as needed • Monitoring procedures selected from available methods, then listed, modifications proposed as needed • List standard emissions data collection methods and equipment that can be used

11. Final Product From Task 1 • Final report containing • Literature review on industrial burner interchangeability • Burners and combustion systems with proposed sensitivity to interchangeability and prevalence in California • Protocols and suggested modifications documented and ranked by proposed priority • Natural gases, LNGs, and unconventional gases described along with basis for choices

12. Tasks 2 Through 7 • Oversight committee of sponsors and experts will be formed • Task 2 will • review Task 1 report and finalize ranking of burners, protocols, and gases, • Select tests and test methods • Define reporting needs • Tasks 3-5 will involve testing and reporting • Task 6 will focus on exposure testing and will include validation by LBNL • Task 7 will involve analysis and modeling of industrial burners relative to interchangeability