Why Do We Explore? NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research

1. Why Do We Explore? NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research Professional Development Workshop

2. OER Mission "To support NOAA and National objectives by exploring the Earth's largely unknown ocean in all its dimensions for the purpose of discovery and the advancement of knowledge, using state-of-the-art technologies in evolutionary and revolutionary ways."

3. “Reaching out in new ways to learners of all ages with respect to ocean issues.”

4. A New Paradigm for Exploration NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer A dedicated ship of exploration linked in real time through satellite and internet telepresence technology Draft – 15 feet 46 berths, 30-day endurance Length – 224 feet Beam – 43 feet

5. Capabilities and Assets

6. INDEX-SATAL:Indonesia 6

7. Okeanos Explorer Commissioned 2008

8. NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer Education Materials Collection • Vol. 1: Why Do We Explore? • Vol. 2: How Do We Explore? • Vol. 3: What Do We Expect to Find?

9. Historical Reasons for Ocean Exploration?

10. “The people who were putting up millions of dollars were asking my father, ‘So, Captain, what do you expect to find?’ and his answer to those people who were about to make major commitments was ‘If I knew, I wouldn’t go.’” ~ Jean-Michel Cousteau, 2005

11. Why Is Ocean Exploration Important in Today’s World?

12. Why Do We Explore?

13. 7 Modern Reasons for Ocean Exploration Research Human Health Climate Change Innovation Ocean Health Literacy Energy

15. To Boldly Go… Inquiry Lesson – Learning Shapes

16. Journey to the UnknownSection 2, pg. 43 (5-6) Guided Imagery

17. Come On Down!Section 2, pg. 55 (7-8) Physical Science and ROVs

18. Little Hercules and Seirios ROV – Little Hercules, 4000m High Definition Cameras Capable of carrying variety of sensors Camera and lighting sled, Seirios

19. Little Herc’s Work

20. Mass = how heavy the object is Volume = physical size of the object Density = M/V Density of water = 1 gm/ cm3 M/V Glass bead 6 g 70 ml 72 ml 6g/2ml = 3 g/cm3 2 ml S Hint: 1 cm3 = 1 ml

21. Volume and Buoyancy Question: If the Volume of an object increases but the mass of the object does not change, how does this affect the buoyant force acting on the object when it is immersed in a fluid?

22. Volume and Buoyancy Answer: The object is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. Increasing the V of an object, in turn, increases the V and weight of water displaced when the object is immersed, thus, increasing the buoyant force acting on the object.

23. http://www.immersionlearning.org/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=216http://www.immersionlearning.org/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=216

24. Ocean Literacy Essential Principles and Fundamental Concepts and National Science Education Standards Which EP’s and FC’s would apply? Which NSES?

25. Calling All ExplorersSection 2, pg. 69 (9-12) • Deep Sea Explorer Web Quest • Geocaching

26. ClimateChange

27. Climate Change Earth’s average T is now warmer than it has been at any time since at least 1400 AD. Since the mid-1800’s Earth’s temperature has warmed by about 1◦ F. Cause?

28. Climate Change Mountain glaciers are melting and polar ice is decreasing. As a result of this warming, what else do we know is happening?

29. Where Have All the Glaciers Gone Section 3, pg. 91 (7-8) • Climate change is more dramatic in the Arctic • Temperature increases at 2x rate of other regions • Ice-seawater interface is important! Why? • Activity: Make a photocube

30. See Diving Deeper, pgs. 23 for detailed discussion

31. History’s ThermometersSection 3, pg. 105 Paleoclimatological Proxies

32. History’s Thermometers Corals build skeletons out of calcium and carbonate ions. Carbonate ions (CO3-2) contain Oxygen. O2 can occur as 18O (0.20% of all oxygen atoms), 16O (99.76%), or 17O (very rare). Ratio of 18O to 16O in carbonate samples is inversely related to the water T at which the carbonate was formed – higher ratios of 18O to 16O mean lower temperatures.

33. Let’s Just Try the Math! We are finding the difference in 18O/ 16O ratios between a standard and a sample. [Sample – Standard] ÷ Standard x 1000 = δ 18O ‰ Example : Base of Coral Sample #1 [.0020076 - .0020000] ÷ .0020000 x 1000 [.0000076] ÷ .0020000 = .0038 x 1000 = 3.8 ‰ A higher 18O delta value = lower T A lower 18O delta value = higher T

34. Climate Change ↑ CO2 levels in the atmosphere over the next century = ↑ rate of warming and ↑ T = potential danger to human welfare and to the environment.

35. Web Site Ocean Exploration Web site http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov Okeanos Explorer Web site http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos

36. http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/edu/welcome.html • Lessons • Online PD • Okeanos Explorer Education • Materials Collection • EEMs – INDEX-SATAL 2010 36

37. Types of Ocean Energy Waves: Highest energy density of any renewable resource Tides (dams): 16-24 foot tidal range needed to be economical Currents: 1% of Gulf Stream energy could power the state of Florida! OTEC (thermal): Solar radiation absorbed by the ocean converted into electric power (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) Wind: Turbines; offshore winds stronger than on land BOEMRE See Diving Deeper, pgs. 25-32 for detailed discussion

38. Methane Hydrates • Frozen water molecules which • enclose methane molecules; no • bonds between them = Clathrate • Formed at low temperature, • high pressure • May contain twice the carbon • in all the coal, oil, and natural • gas combined! • Burns when lit!

39. What’s the Big Deal?Section 4, pg. 145 (9-12) • Student research on • methane hydrates • Model building Model methane hydrate molecule

41. Multimedia Discovery MissionLesson 11 http://www.montereyinstitute.org/noaa/lesson11.html

43. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahmjHLyF9GM&feature=related Methane Seeps Chile Margin 2010 Expedition (Google You Tube and Methane Seeps)

44. Animals of the Fire IceSection 4, pg. 115 (5-6) Micrograph of ice worm living in hydrate bed at 800m, Gulf of Mexico Marine Ice Worms Hesiocaeca methanicola Hydrate Shrimp

45. Human Health From Deep-Sea Sponges: Anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agents From Deep-Sea Corals: Bone grafts (bamboo coral almost identical to human bone) From Tunicates: Breast, ovarian, and other solid tumor treatments From Bryozoans: Leukemia and melanoma treatments From Cone Snails: Potent pain-killer The ocean is a source for new medicinal compounds.

46. HumanHealth • Sessile organisms are particularly promising! • They have chemical defenses to: • Repel predators • Prevent rapid cell division • Ward off pathogens and bacteria

47. Marine Biopharmaceuticals Production Challenges: • Sustainable Use – synthesis in the lab, controlled harvesting, aquaculture • Expense – submersibles can be $30,000+ per day; developing new technology is expensive • Politics – permits, stewardship, fair and equitable profit sharing

48. Watch the ScreenSection 5, pg. 177 (9-12) • Screening natural products for biological activity • Uses plant extracts, E. coli, antibiotic sensitivity disks

49. Can you guess which extracts were used? The control is on the top. Crushed red pepper Barbeque sauce Parsley Basil Rosemary Garlic Mustard

50. Can you guess which extracts were used? The control is on the top. Crushed red pepper Barbeque sauce Parsley Basil Rosemary Garlic Mustard Basil Garlic Crushed Red Pepper