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Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson. Revolutionary Era Virginia. Thomas Jefferson. Major Jefferson Events. 1743 Thomas Jefferson born 1769 Elected to House of Burgesses 1770 Begins building Monticello 1772 marries Martha Skelton 1775 Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation

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Thomas Jefferson

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  1. Thomas Jefferson Revolutionary Era Virginia

  2. Thomas Jefferson

  3. Major Jefferson Events • 1743 Thomas Jefferson born • 1769 Elected to House of Burgesses • 1770 Begins building Monticello • 1772 marries Martha Skelton • 1775 Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation • 1776 Drafts Declaration of Independence VA constitution enacted • 1779 Elected Governor of Virginia Ministers lose tax support from the state • 1782 Martha Skelton (wife) diespushes VA to enact emancipation law • 1783 TJ writes Notes on the State of Virginia • 1784 joins John Adams & Ben Franklin in Europe to negotiate commerce treaty • 1785 succeeds Franklin as minister to France • 1786 Statute for Establishing Religious Freedom passed • 1790 appointed first Secretary of State by Washington

  4. Main Ideas • Relative unanimity amongst Virginia leaders • Conflict is over speed for Independence • Conflict based on old pro/anti-Henry factions • Impact of the War • Renewal of western expansion during Revolution (prohibited by King since 1763) • Relative Continuity and stability.

  5. Tottering toward conflict • Rising militancy in Williamsburg.

  6. Tottering toward conflict • Dunmore adjourns Assembly • Delegates meet extra-legally in Raleigh Tavern • Convention meets from 1774 onward • 1774 to elect delegates to 1st Continental Congress • 1775 in March, June, Dec • becomes defacto legislative body • organizes military resistance • creates “Committee of Safety” to administer colony between session of Assembly • lasts until VA state constitution of 1776.

  7. Tottering toward conflict • Military forces to defend colony • by mid 1775 at least 24 county & 3 town militias • Fairfax Co. creates first • GW as patron • Caroline County • Edmund Pendleton gifts: colors, drum & two fifes • all volunteers - spontaneous emergence. Ohio Historical Society Coll.

  8. Imperial Reaction • April 20, 1775 Powder Magazine Incident • Governor Dunmore orders men from Magdalen to remove powder and guns from the Public Magazine • removal attempted in the middle of the night • discovered and thwarted by Virginians • only 20 kegs of powder taken. Lord DunmoreBritish Museum

  9. Imperial Reaction • March on the city by two independent companies • large group assembling at Fredericksburg • second led by Patrick Henry • Stopped by Williamsburg Patriots • prevent escalation of violence • thwart Patrick Henry.

  10. Lord Dunmore • Dunmore’s flight from Williamsburg • flees to Fowey, British man of war at Yorktown • Moves to Norfolk - highly loyalist • reinforced by British regulars and naval vessels • Begins raiding coastal plantations • remains standard British tactic throughout war.

  11. Lord Dunmore • Lord Dunmore’s Nov 7, 1775 Proclamation • Ethiopian Regiment • 300 troops first week • military clash at Great Bridge • “second” battle of the Revolution • patriot victory.

  12. Lord Dunmore • Dunmore forced to retreat from Norfolk • Continues to raid • demands but does not receive any reinforcements • disease decimates his troops • withdraws to New York July 1776 • never returns.

  13. Revolutionary War • Limited large-scale fighting in Virginia • coastal raids demand local defenses • warfare and mobilization demand and result in great political and military involvement at all levels of society • all volunteer militia • voting for provincial conventions instead of House • return same people BUT they now have instructions • Yorktown and in the west.

  14. Increasing western settlement

  15. Increasing western settlement • Kentucky and western settlement

  16. Western Campaigns Clark’s object Hostile Western Settlements 1776

  17. Western Campaigns Feb 1779 • George Rodgers Clark • Kaskaskia • Cahokia • Vincennes • role of Spanish • impact after war. Jan 1779 Dec 1778

  18. Revolutionary War • July 1776 to mid 1779 no attacks • Sea-borne invasions begin • 1779 Admiral Collier & General Matthews • 1780 Continuous attacks until Yorktown • James River - General Leslie • Benedict Arnold - reinforced early 1781 • Richmond becomes the capital • 1781 Corwallis arrives.

  19. 1781 • Cornwallis determines to defeat the rebels in the Chesapeake region • Washington confers with Comte de Rochambeau • wants full scale offensive against New York City • arrival of word of French fleet under de Grasse sailing to blockade Cornwallis by sea.

  20. Yorktown • September 1781 • 7800 French, 5700 Continentals, 3200 militia • French navy blockading coast • Surrender October 12, 1781 • British navy arrives seven days later to break blockade • final major military engagement for Americans in North America.

  21. Surrender at Yorktown The World Turned Upside Down

  22. Why did it end here? • British army faces losses around the globe in 1781 and 1782 • India, West Indes, Florida • France and Spain are poised for invasion of Gibraltar, were gathering in the English Channel • Cost from the war is skyrocketing • Loss of the empire is at stake - cut losses in US • make a friend, not an enemy • weaken French influence • friends in the ministry.

  23. New State Government • Supremacy of the Legislature • Weakening of the Governor • one year terms; three consecutive maximum; denied veto • Separation of Powers • Governor’s council split three ways. High Court of Appeals Senate Privy Council

  24. New State Government • Reformation of the legal code 1779 • Disestablishment of the Anglican Church 1779 • Notes on the State of Virginia, published 1785 • Statute for Establishing Religious Freedom, passed 1786 • Petitions from the West.

  25. Was it a revolution or not? • Get in groups of 4 and work to create your own lists of why or why not VA went through a revolution.

  26. A Revolution or not? • Political leaders - same as before revolution • Economic leaders - same as before revolution • Social Structure • Social hierarchy - intact • Slavery • The Declaration of Rights declared all men “by nature equally free and independent” • 1782 vs. 1805 • Women • poor women follow military; middle &upper join Daughters of Liberty. • Religion - disestablished church, freedom of religion.

  27. Philadelphia - 14 May 1787 Date scheduled for the convention to commence

  28. Convention President

  29. Ground rules “I must entreat Gentlemen to be more careful, least our transactions get into the News Papers, and disturb the public repose by premature speculations. I know not whose Paper it is, but there it is (throws papers on the table), let him who owns it take it.” - Washington Bows, puts on hat & leaves room with a severe dignity that gets everyone scared

  30. Philadelphia 25 May, 1787 Actual quorum reached - events begin

  31. Debate begins on the “Virginia Plan” 29 May, 1787 Madison, architect of the plan Contemporaries knew it as the “Randolph Plan”

  32. Legislative Battlegrounds • 15 June 1787 Small states reply with a new plan “New Jersey” plan • Consists of Amendments to Articles of Confederation • increased taxation powers: impost stamp duties, postal and regulate commerce • may requisition $ from states by population (slaves 3/5) • acts of Congress to be “supreme law of the respective states” • force may be used vs. recalcitrant states • executive (of several persons) elected by Congress - powers same as VA plan but no veto • supreme tribunal appointed by Executive.

  33. Quotations “what is even the Virginia plan, but pork still with a little change of the sauce?” - Hamilton “gentleman from NY has been praised by all but supported by none.” - Johnson “It is too probable that no plan we propose will be adopted. Perhaps another dreadful conflict is to be sustained. If to please the people, we offer what we ourselves disapprove, how can we afterwards defend our work? Let us raise a standard to which the wise and the honest can repair. The event is in the hands of God.” - Washington

  34. Quotations After Luther Martin gave a speech of more than 3 hours in 100+ degree heat, which only ended because the work day was over… “You opened against them in a speech which held during two days, and which might have continued two months, but for those marks of fatigue and disgust you say strongly expressed on whichever side of the house you turned your mortified eyes.” - Oliver Ellsworth Referring to the issue of representation in the Senate. “The fate of America was suspended by a hair.” - Gouverneur Morris

  35. Philadelphia 16 July, 1787 “Great Compromise” passed

  36. The Framers: Professions

  37. The Framers:Slaveholders

  38. The Framers: Ratifiers

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