1920

1. College of Education Instructional Design Timeline 1930 1950 1970 1990 1920 1940 1960 1980 http://www.memphis.edu/icl/idt/

2. College of Education 1920’s • Growth of Visual Instructional Movement and its expansion to Audiovisual Instruction movement. • Establishment of National Education Association (now called AECT). • Bobbit, Charters and Burk advocated the importance of clearly stated objectives. • McCluskey, John Dewey were some of the major contributors to the field. Home http://www.memphis.edu/icl/idt/

3. College of Education Instructional Design Timeline 1930 1950 1970 1990 1920 1940 1960 1980 http://www.memphis.edu/icl/idt/

4. College of Education 1930’s • Radios gained attention. Enthusiasts in the field believed it would revolutionize education. • Ralph Tyler directed the “Eight-year study” (1933-1941). • Ralph Tyler, father of the behavioral objective movement, wrote: “Each objective must be defined in terms which clarify the kind of behavior which the course should help to develop.” Home http://www.memphis.edu/icl/idt/

5. College of Education Instructional Design Timeline 1930 1950 1970 1990 1920 1940 1960 1980 http://www.memphis.edu/icl/idt/

6. College of Education 1940’s • Onset and conclusion of World War II. • Decline of Audiovisual movement in schools, but extensive use in military and industry. • The instructional media used for training soldiers: film strips, training films, overhead projectors, slide projectors, simulators, and audio equipment. • German chief of General Staff commented on the use of film education and the speed with which America trained its soldiers. • Continued efforts and emphasis of psychologists and educators of WWII on instructional principles, learning theory, and human behavior led to the origin of the field of Instructional Design. Home http://www.memphis.edu/icl/idt/

7. College of Education Instructional Design Timeline 1930 1950 1970 1990 1920 1940 1960 1980 http://www.memphis.edu/icl/idt/

8. College of Education 1950’s • Tremendous growth in the use of Instructional Television. • Birth and development of Programmed Instruction Movement. • B. F. Skinner’s article “The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching” (1954) brought a minor revolution in the field of education. • Benjamin Bloom and his co-authors published “Taxonomy of Educational Objectives”(1956) • Soviet launch of Sputnik (1957) triggered funds into American schools to improve math and science. It also indirectly led to origin of formative evaluation. Michael Scriven coined the term formative and summative evaluation in 1967. • Robert B. Miller developed a detailed task analysis methodology. • IBM developed first computer assisted instruction programs for public schools. • Research considered important part of the field. American Institutes for Research was established. Home http://www.memphis.edu/icl/idt/

9. College of Education Instructional Design Timeline 1930 1950 1970 1990 1920 1940 1960 1980 http://www.memphis.edu/icl/idt/

10. College of Education 1960’s • Growth of Behaviorism. • Popularization of Behavioral Objectives. Robert Mager wrote “Preparing Objectives for Programmed instruction”(1962). • Origin of Criterion Referenced Testing Movement. Robert Glaser was first to use the term “criterion-referenced measures” • Early Instructional Design Models were being developed linking the emerging concepts of task analysis, objective specification, and criterion reference testing. • Gagne’s book “The Conditions of Learning”(1965) was published. He discussed about 5 types of learning outcomes requiring different conditions to promote learning, nine events of instruction and the hierarchy of learning. • Course management systems such as PLATO and TICCIT were developed for Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI). Home http://www.memphis.edu/icl/idt/

11. College of Education Instructional Design Timeline 1930 1950 1970 1990 1920 1940 1960 1980 http://www.memphis.edu/icl/idt/

12. College of Education 1970’s • Increased number of Instructional Design Models. • Instructional Design process flourished in military, academia, business and industry and international arena. • Many instructional improvement centers were opened to help teachers use media and instructional design procedures to improve quality of instruction. • New graduate degree programs in Instructional Design were initiated. • Cognitive Information Processing Theory (Atkinsons & Shriffins) rose to prominence among psychologists. • Component Display Theory was developed by David Merrill. Home http://www.memphis.edu/icl/idt/

13. College of Education Instructional Design Timeline 1930 1950 1970 1990 1920 1940 1960 1980 http://www.memphis.edu/icl/idt/

14. College of Education 1980’s • Instructional Design process remained important in other sectors but had little impact in public schools and higher education. • Growth in the interest of cognitive psychology and its application in instructional design process. • Increasing interest in the use of microcomputers forinstruction and instructional process. Home http://www.memphis.edu/icl/idt/

15. College of Education Instructional Design Timeline 1930 1950 1970 1990 1920 1940 1960 1980 http://www.memphis.edu/icl/idt/

16. College of Education 1990’s and onwards • Evolution of Schema and Cognitive Load theory (John Sweller), and Situated Learning Theory (Jean Lave). • Increasing importance on Performance Technology (Thomas Gilbert). • Use of non-instructional solutions to improve learning and performance problems. • Growing interest in Constructivism. • Advances, application and availability of computer, internet and multimedia for instructional purposes. • Increased availability of online courses using course management systems such as Blackboard, WebCT, Desire2learn, etc. Home http://www.memphis.edu/icl/idt/

17. College of Education References: Reiser, R. A. & Dempsey J. V. (2007). Trends and Issues in the Instructional Design and Technology. NJ: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructional_design http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_W._Tyler http://www.coe.uh.edu/courses/cuin6373/idhistory/1940.html http://www.instructionaldesigncentral.com/htm/IDC_instructionaltechnologytimeline.htm Home http://www.memphis.edu/icl/idt/