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Ecosystems and Communities

Ecosystems and Communities. Chapter 4 & 5 Notes. Every organism affects its environment, and in turn is affected by its environment.  Ecosystems are affected by two kinds of factors. The Nonliving Environment. Abiotic factors- ___________________________________________________

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Ecosystems and Communities

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  1. Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4 & 5 Notes

  2. Every organism affects its environment, and in turn is affected by its environment.  Ecosystems are affected by two kinds of factors

  3. The Nonliving Environment Abiotic factors- ___________________________________________________ Ex. ______________ 3

  4. The Living Environment Biotic factors- ___________ ______________________________________________ All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection. 4

  5. Biotic or Abiotic? • Predators ________________ • Hot weather ________________ • Acid rain ________________ • Wood from trees ______________ • Your parents ________________ • The river flow ________________ • The leeches found in the river ________________

  6. The Role of Climate Weather: ____________________________________________________________________________ Temperature Wind Precipitation Humidity Specific weather patterns Weather for Sugar Land, TX Sunday Sept. 16, 2007

  7. The Role of Climate Climate: it is the average conditions in a region over several decades; affects the soil, and in turn the vegetation, and in turn other organisms in an area. It is described by: _______________________ _______________________

  8. The Role of Climate ____________________________________________________________________

  9. The Role of Climate Polar: 90-66.5º N or S (within the Arctic and Antarctic circles) Temperate: from the lines of Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn to 66.5 º N or S, respectively Tropical: between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn • Polar (blue) • Temperate (green) • Tropical (red)

  10. Other determinates of weather and climate: Coastal or central to the continent? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

  11. Other determinates of weather and climate: Upwelling: ___________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Diagram illustrating the principle of equatorial upwelling. Winds along the equator (dotted line) create currents, which are then diverted north and south by the Coriolis force. The cold, deep waters from below rise to the surface to replace these diverted waters, causing upwelling. http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/climatechange1/11_2.shtml

  12. Greenhouse Effect: the natural situation in which heat is retained by the greenhouse gases (CO2, methane, water vapor, etc.) is called the greenhouse effect. If these gases were not present, the Earth would be 30º C cooler and unlivable

  13. Biomes -a collection of ecosystems with the same climate and dominant communities; 2 main areas of biomes Aquatic- in water Terrestrial- on land

  14. Aquatic Photic zone- _______________________ (shallow water) Aphotic zone- ______________________ (deep water) Estuary- ______________________ ________________ (end of a river) Tidal zone- ________ __________________ Tidal Zone Photic Zone Aphotic Zone

  15. Community Interactions Habitat- ___________________________ Niche- ____________________________ __________________________________ Competition- _______________________ __________________________________ Interspecific competition: between members of different species Intraspecific competition: between members of the same species

  16. Predation __________________________________ __________________________________ ex: lion eats a zebra

  17. Community Interactions Symbiosis- ________________________ __________________________________

  18. Community Interactions Mutualism- _______________________ ________________________________ (ant live on an acacia tree, ant protects tree from harmful plants, tree gives ant a home) Clownfish live within sea anemones, which normally sting other fish. The fish gets protection, and the anemone benefits because the clownfish keep it clean of bacteria.

  19. Community Interactions Parasitism- ________________________ __________________________________ (fleas or ticks on a dog; flea gets a home, sucks the dog’s blood and is bothered by it) Leech sucks the blood of a human

  20. Community Interactions Commensalism- ____________________ __________________________________ (moss growing on trees) Epiphytes are plants that grow on other plants without harming them. They never set root in the ground!

  21. When grazing cows walk around, they disturb the ground, which stirs up insects. Birds follow the cows around and eat these insects.

  22. Cleaner shrimp living in the ocean eat ectoparasites off of larger fish. The cleaner fish get a meal and the larger fish get rid of a parasite.

  23. A botfly lays maggots inside a man's head, providing shelter and nutrition for its young.

  24. Factors Affecting Populations Three things affect population size: ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________

  25. Types of Growth Exponential Growth- if a population has abundant space and food, no disease or predators; it will grow at an exponential rate. It is a J-shaped curve resembling y = ax2 + b

  26. Types of Growth Logistic Growth- population growth slows then stops (stays stable) after a period of exponential growth once resources become less available. The number at which the environment can support this population is known as the carrying capacity.

  27. Limiting factors factor that causes a population to decrease in size Two types…

  28. Limiting Factors Density dependent- _________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Notice the pattern of population size with predator/prey relationship of hares and lynxes

  29. Limiting Factors Density independent- ________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Unusual weather natural disasters seasonal cycles certain human activities

  30. Ecological Succession After such disasters, a community can start anew by a process called ecological succession (series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time); there are two types

  31. Succession Primary succession- _________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

  32. Succession Secondary succession- _______________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

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