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Ecosystems and Communities

Ecosystems and Communities. Chapter 4. 4-1 The Role of Climate. What is Climate? Weather – day-to-day conditions at a particular time and place Climate – year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation. 4-1 The Role of Climate. The Greenhouse Effect

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Ecosystems and Communities

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  1. Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4

  2. 4-1 The Role of Climate • What is Climate? • Weather – day-to-day conditions at a particular time and place • Climate – year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation

  3. 4-1 The Role of Climate • The Greenhouse Effect • What controls the temperature on Earth?

  4. 4-1 The Role of Climate • The Atmosphere controls the temperature on Earth by acting like a blanket • Gases in the atmosphere trap heat energy • Greenhouse Effect

  5. 4-1 The Role of Climate • Latitude Effects Climate • Polar zone • Cold • Low angle of sun ray’s • 66.5o and 90o or near the poles

  6. 4-1 The Role of Climate • Temperate zone • Hot to cold • Ever changing angle of sun ray’s • 23.5o to 66.5o or in between the polar and tropical zone

  7. 4-1 The Role of Climate • Tropical zone • Warm • Direct angle of sun ray’s • 23.5o North and 23.5o South or near the equator

  8. 4-1 The Role of Climate • Heat Transport • Winds form from different temperatures of air • Ocean currents created by upwelling and surface winds

  9. 4-2 What is an Ecosystem • Biotic Factors • Living influences on organisms • Abiotic Factors • Nonliving factors • Habitat – the area where an organism lives (Address)

  10. 4-2 What is an Ecosystem • Niche – full range of physical and biological factors in which an organism lives (Job) • Food • Physical Conditions • Reproduction

  11. 4-2 What is an Ecosystem • Community Interactions – shape the ecosystem

  12. 4-2 What is an Ecosystem • Competition – when organisms try to use the same ecological resources • Resources – any necessity of life

  13. 4-2 What is an Ecosystem • Competitive Exclusion Principle – no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time

  14. 4-2 What is an Ecosystem • Predation – one organism captures and feeds on another • Predator • Prey

  15. 4-2 What is an Ecosystem • Symbiosis – any relationship where two species live closely together

  16. 4-2 What is an Ecosystem • Mutualism – both species benefit

  17. 4-2 What is an Ecosystem • Commensalism – one species benefits the other is unharmed

  18. 4-2 What is an Ecosystem • Parasitism – one species benefits and the other is harmed

  19. 4-2 What is an Ecosystem • Ecological Succession

  20. 4-2 What is an Ecosystem • Primary Succession – new species grow where no soil exists

  21. 4-2 What is an Ecosystem • Secondary Succession – a disturbance changes the existing community without removing the soil

  22. 4-2 What is an Ecosystem • Succession in a Marine Ecosystem

  23. 4-3 Biomes • Biomes and climate • Biome – a complex of terrestrial communities that covers a large area and is characterized by types of soil, climate, plants, and animals • Tolerance – ability to survive and reproduce under conditions that are less than perfect • Microclimate – climate in a small area that is different than the climate around

  24. 4-3 Biomes • The Major Biomes • Each biome is defined by a unique set of abiotic factors including climate

  25. 4-3 Biomes • Tropical Rain Forest • Has more species than all other biomes combined

  26. 4-3 Biomes

  27. 4-3 Biomes • Tropical Dry Forest • Deciduous trees present

  28. 4-3 Biomes

  29. Tropical Savanna 4-3 Biomes

  30. 4-3 Biomes

  31. 4-3 Biomes • Desert

  32. 4-3 Biomes

  33. 4-3 Biomes • Temperate Grassland

  34. 4-3 Biomes

  35. 4-3 Biomes • Temperate Woodland and Shrubland

  36. 4-3 Biomes • Temperate Forest • Mixture of deciduous and coniferous trees

  37. 4-3 Biomes

  38. 4-3 Biomes • Northwest Coniferous Forest

  39. 4-3 Biomes

  40. 4-3 Biomes • Boreal Forest or Taiga

  41. 4-3 Biomes

  42. 4-3 Biomes

  43. 4-3 Biomes • Tundra • Permafrost – permanently frozen subsoil

  44. 4-3 Biomes

  45. 4-3 Biomes • Other land areas • Mountain Ranges • Abiotic and Biotic conditions vary with elevation • Why?

  46. 4-3 Biomes • Polar Ice Caps • Cold all year • Plants • Mosses and lichens • Animals • Polar bears, seals, insects, and mites

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