Imposing Liberalism

1. Imposing Liberalism Analyse perspectives on the imposition of the principles of liberalism on people / groups in Canada and the world through liberal foreign policy. To what extend, and for whom, has the imposition of Liberalism been successful?

2. To what extent has the imposition of liberalism affected aboriginal groups in Canada? Conflicting Ideologies Conflicting Land-Holding Ideologies • Attempts at Assimilation • Enfranchisement • Indian Act • White Paper • Red Paper • Contemporary Solutions • Land claims • Royal Commission

3. Conflicting Ideologies First Nations Perspective Land Non-animate beings Plants Animals Humans Humans Animals Plants Non-animate beings land Classical Liberalism Perspective

4. Conflicting Ideologies FirstNations • Peoples place in the world – equal with other living things. Colonial European Gov. (classical liberalism) • Peoples place in the world -dominant overall living. Different philosophies (ideology) towards spiritual and societal beliefs created misunderstanding on issues of land ownership, progress, and change

5. Conflicting Ideologies Classical Liberalism • Progress • dominate force of thinking • Associated with modernism (one direction- forward towards improvement modernism) FirstNations • Believed there were laws of relationship (pg.306) • Laws of sacred life • Laws of nature • Laws of mutual support

6. http://www.calgaryherald.com/business/First+Nations+relations+hurdle+650B+development+West/9223158/story.htmlhttp://www.calgaryherald.com/business/First+Nations+relations+hurdle+650B+development+West/9223158/story.html

7. Conflicting Land-Holding IdeologiesRead page 307 – 308 to assimilation Aboriginal communities did not believe that they “owned the land” more spiritual and holistic interpretation of living on the land Europeans would have wanted to buy, own and divide up the land Foreign concept for aboriginal people’s, private property, more communal of resources, stewardship of the land

8. Root causes of the attitude that the Europeans brought to treaty negotiations? Eurocentrism - perceived cultural superiority Reliance on the value of written rules for government, citizens rights and trade Cultural beliefs that differed from aboriginals. Classical liberalist view - believed in private property defended by John Locke.

9. Causes of a large number of land claims Differences in understandings of historical agreements between first Nations and the Canadian government Misunderstanding of terms of the treaties lead to a need for legal proceedings to interpret them. Beliefs about the sovereignty of First Nations are not a question today – protection in the Charter of Rights. Ethical consideration of fairness and equality are valued by Canadians. First Nations are looked at differently today than in 19th century – entitled to same rights, responsibilities, freedoms, and private property as others. Modern perspective on negotiations between First Nations and Canadian government are distinct from previous views.

10. Attempts at Assimilation Residential Schools Enfranchisement & Gradual Civilization Act 1857 Denounce their Indian status – gain enfranchisement & 50 acres on reserve – land handed down. Resistance by the Aboriginals. To costly for what was gained Was something granted instead of something belonging to all member of society Land grant would have little meaning. Rationale by the Gov. Liberalist view (ultimate goal of citizenship) Rights, freedoms, and material possessions ClassicalLiberalism

11. Attempts at Assimilation continued Indian Act (government legislation 1876) Defined First Nations people (segregation) Step back from 1763 Royal Proclamation (distinct peoples & nations with the right to negotiate as a sovereign nation) intended to end abuse. Encourage abandonment of Indian status Wards of the state

12. Indian Act Compulsory enfranchisement University degree Doctor Lawyer Religious minister Women married a non-Aboriginal man Vote in federal election Join the Armed Forces Voluntary Enfranchisement • Give up official Indian status

13. Attempts at Assimilation continued White Paper Trudeau – federalist Pluralist society Read pages 310-312 complete handout.

14. The White Paper 1968 vs. The Red PaperRead pages 310 -312 and additional reading note reasoning behind each policy and each sides views Red Paper National Indian Brotherhood White Paper Trudeau

15. Contemporary Solutions: Major concerns by first nations Land claims Fulfillment of treaty rights Acting on the Royal Commission on Aboriginal peoples Read pages 312-314 and complete the handout “Contemporary solutions”

16. Contemporary Solutions: pg. 312 - 314

17. Bringing Liberalism to the World Read authors point of view top of page 318 What support and drawbacks to liberalism does Parekh state? Under what conditions is a country justifying the imposing of its political ideology on another country?

18. Rationale for imposing liberalism either by request or force • Self-interest: • reduce terrorist threats • Economic self-interest • Humanitarianism: • Moral / ethical reasons • Improve living conditions • Halt human rights violations

19. ExamplesImposing Liberalismself-interest Imperialism– economic / eurocentrism WWI Treaty of Versailles

20. ExamplesImposing Liberalismself-interest Imperialism– economic / eurocentrism WWI Treaty of Versailles – democracy / self-determination / security WWII Marshall Plan economic / security Kuwait 1991 Gulf war / economic / violation of Kuwaiti territorial integrity 1998 Iraq Liberation Act "to establish a program to support a transition to democracy in Iraq." in response to the non-compliance to inspection nuclear weapons 2001 Oct. 7th Afghanistan Invasion “Operation Enduring Freedom “War on Terrorism” 2003 Iraq “Operation Iraqi Freedom” Invasion weapons of mass destruction / security

21. Read pages 319- 322 Examples & Rationales of Imposing Liberalism handout Humanitarianisms 3 Examples Self- Interest • 5 Examples

22. Imposing Liberalism handout Do you agree or disagree with the justification for foreign intervention expressed in the quote by Lynn Jones ?pg 319/20 How important do you think the “bonds of common humanity” are in forming the foreign policies of countries such as the United States and Great Britain? Political cartoon fig. 9-11 who and what policy does the shark symbolize? Is restricting economic activity a legitimate means of encouraging modern liberal principles in foreign countries? How can this cartoon be used as an example of illegitimate and legitimate support of encouraging modern liberal principles in a foreign county?

23. Canada’s Involvement in Afghanistan handout Read pg. 323 & 324 Voices and supplied reading Which of the quotes in “Voices” do you believe is the most realistic assessment of the situation in Afghanistan? What reasons do you have for your choice? How do you think most Afghan citizens view the presence of foreign troops in their country? Do you think Canada has a responsibility to protect the new democratic system in Afghanistan? If so, What limits, if any, should be placed on that responsibility?

24. Reactions to Foreign Liberalism • Are there circumstances in which a country's stability and public security are more important than its citizen’s right to democratic self-determination? • Economic turmoil • natural disasters • threats from other countries • periods of violence • food and security are more important than a ballot

25. Reactions to Foreign Liberalism Robert Mugabe 1987 - Present Juvenal Habyarimana 1973 -1994 YoweriMuseveni 1986 – Present Uganda

26. Reactions to Foreign Liberalism Robert Mugabe 1987 - Present Juvenal Habyarimana 1973 -1994 YoweriMuseveni 1986 – Present Uganda

27. Reactions by Liberalism Economic mismanagement, corruption, and brutal repression, illegal elections In reaction to human rights violations the Bush administration legislated the Zimbabwe Democracy Act " the situation in Zimbabwe endangers the southern African region and threatens to undermine efforts to foster good governance and respect for the rule of law throughout the continent." USA presidential spokesman

28. Reactions by Liberalism • Ran the country primarily as dictator for 20 years • Under pressure from the United Nations and Western Countries to establish a collation Gov. 1992 • Killed in a plane crash 1994

29. Reactions by Liberalism • Supported by the west for overthrowing Idi Amin 1979 (liberalist values) • Brought relative stability and economic growth to a country that has endured decades of government mismanagement, rebel activity and civil war. • His tenure has also witnessed one of the most effective national responses to HIV/AIDS in Africa. • Invaded the Congo (5 mil. Deaths), abolished presidential term • 1/3 live in poverty

31. Democratic power grows from within a country not by imposition.Something to think about? Rapid ideological shifts within a country require major social change and commitment – move towards democratic liberalism would require the individuals to embrace free and fair elections. Elections can only be free, fair and represent the will of the people if the people are informed, open to dialogue, and receptive and tolerant of diverse views and perspectives.

32. In order to implement Ideological change • Elections, need to be effective, should not be a front for authoritarian practices, but be one aspect of democratic practice. • Respect for the will of the people • Responsibility of the government to rule of law • Protections for individuals rights and freedoms • Multi-party elections • Non-violet actions by the government, and non-government organizations • Foreign government reforms may exacerbate the existing friction and conflict. • Ignores domestic state of affairs

33. Case Study Haiti’s Troubled Democracy

34. Concept Review for chapter 9 Using the chart and Chapter 9 as your source, complete each of the empty boxes

35. Attempts at Assimilation pg. 307 - 316

36. Extraduplicate slides

37. Juvenal Habyarimana 1973 -1994

38. YoweriMuseveni I

39. Coalition government in response to Western Liberalist views • Conflicting ethnic views created the conditions to set the Rwanda genocide into motion. Juvenal Habyarimana 1973 -1994 • Ran the country primarily as dictator for 20 years • Under pressure from the United Nations and Western Countries to establish a collation Gov. 1992 • Killed in a plane crash 1994

40. Multi-party elections are ineffective in Africa. • Cultural differences (tribalism) • Religion • Regionalism • Economic disparity • Partisanship (devoted or bias in their support for a party, group or cause) YoweriMuseveni • Supported by the west for overthrowing IdiAmin 1979 • Brought relative stability and economic growth to a country that has endured decades of government mismanagement, rebel activity and civil war. • His tenure has also witnessed one of the most effective national responses to HIV/AIDS in Africa. • Invaded the Congo (5 mil. Deaths), abolished presidential term • 1/3 live in poverty • I

41. Imposing Liberalism handout Do you agree or disagree with the justification for foreign intervention expressed in the quote by Lynn Jones ?pg 319/20 How important do you think the “bonds of common humanity” are in forming the foreign policies of countries such as the United States and Great Britain? Political cartoon fig. 9-11 who and what policy does the shark symbolize? Is restricting economic activity a legitimate means of encouraging modern liberal principles in foreign countries? How can this cartoon be used as an example of illegitimate and legitimate support of encouraging modern liberal principles in a foreign county?

42. Contemporary Solutions: Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples & the Healing Fund Land Claims & Constitution

43. Video clip hyperlinks Haiti http://video.nytimes.com/video/2006/01/27/world/1194817109852/haiti-democracy-undone.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwcTM2U-794 Canadian Aboriginal Law, Indian Law http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.canadianlawsite.ca/images/indians.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.canadianlawsite.ca/aboriginal.htm&usg=__fkarJ9iW_Sqne7Nh6ShOOt-H3Sg=&h=302&w=250&sz=7&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=q8LEwEN3Gog3_M:&tbnh=116&tbnw=96&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfirst%2Bnation%2Binterpretation%2Bof%2Bland%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX