Richmond, Virginia—Street in the burned district

1. Richmond, Virginia—Street in the burned district

2. Questions your group needs to address: • What do you do with (now) former prisoners of war? Discuss this from both the Northern & Southern perspectives. • What do you do with former Confederate Generals? • What do you do with the states that seceded from the Union? • How do you solve financial debt? • What do you do with former slaves that are now free men?

3. RECONSTRUCTION • The national debate over Reconstruction centered on three main issues: • What were the terms under which the defeated Confederate states should be allowed to reenter the Union? What demands, if any, should be made upon them before they reenter? Should Congress or the president establish the terms? • Should anyone be punished for the rebellion and to what extent? • To what degree should the national government assist the newly freed slaves (often referred to as freedmen) in participating in the political and social life of the South?

4. RECONSTRUCTION PLANS • President Lincoln • Congress Radical Republicans vs. moderate Republicans • President Johnson

6. Thomas Nast's Original "The Union Christmas" Civil War Print This is probably the most touching and moving Abraham Lincoln print to come out of the Civil War era. The leaf was printed on December 31, 1864, and Thomas Nast was the artist. The print shows Mr. Lincoln standing at the door, inviting the Southern Rebels to come in from the cold and snow, and rejoin the union. A large banquet table has been prepared, and the table has empty chairs labeled Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and so forth. The print has a large banner that reads, "The Union Christmas Dinner, Peace on Earth and Good Will Toward Men." The print has four insets, one showing Robert E. Lee offering his surrender to Grant (something that did happen a few months later. The second inset is captioned, "Lay Down your Arms and You Will be Welcome", which shows Rebel Soldiers being welcomed back into the Union. The third inset presents the Rebels as the prodigal son returning home, and the forth inset shows a soldier bowing down to accept a pardon from Lady Liberty. For all the pain and all the loss of the Civil War, we see by the end of 1864, there were signs of hope. Nast creates this image of hope by showing a country tired of war, and willing to invite their former countrymen to once again sit at the table of fellowship and Union. Within three months of this image being made, Mr. Lincoln was dead, assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. However, Nast's vision of a country once again united did come to pass.

7. •Lincoln’s _____________plan: In it all southerners, except high-ranking Confederate officials, could get a full pardon and restoration of rights after taking an oath, pledging loyalty to the Union and accepting the end of slavery. When ten percent of the 1860 voting population had taken this oath, citizens could vote in elections that would create new state governments and new state constitutions. After that the state would once again be eligible for representation in Congress and readmitted to the Union.

8. RADICAL REPUBLICANS Group of abolitionist American politicians that proposed harsh policies towards Confederates during the Reconstruction Era. Most well known Radicals: Pennsylvania Representative _______________________ Senator Benjamin Wade Senator Charles Sumner

9. THADDEAS STEVENS ON RECONSTRUCTION The President assumes, what no one doubts, that the late rebel States have lost their constitutional relations to the Union, and are incapable of representation in Congress, except by permission of the Government. It matters but little, with this admission, whether you call them States out of the Union, and now conquered territories, or assert that because the Constitution forbids them to do what they did do, that they are therefore only dead as to all national and political action, and will remain so until the Government shall breathe into them the breath of life anew and permit them to occupy their former position. In other words, that they are not out of the Union, but are only dead carcasses lying within the Union. In either case, it is very plain that it requires the action of Congress to enable them to form a State government and send representatives to Congress. Nobody, I believe, pretends that with their old constitutions and frames of government they can be permitted to claim their old rights under the Constitution. They have torn their constitutional States into atoms, and built on their foundations fabrics of a totally different character. Dead men cannot raise themselves. Dead States cannot restore their existence "as it was." Whose especial duty is it to do it? In whom does the Constitution place the power? Not in the judicial branch of Government, for it only adjudicates and does not prescribe laws. Not in the Executive, for he only executes and cannot make laws. Not in the Commander-in-Chief of the armies, for he can only hold them under military rule until the sovereign legislative power of the conqueror shall give them law. Unless the law of nations is a dead letter, the late war between two acknowledged belligerents severed their original compacts and broke all the ties that bound them together. The future condition of the conquered power depends on the will of the conqueror. They must come in as new states or remain as conquered provinces. Congress . . . is the only power that can act in the matter.

10. Forgive Punish • Believed southerners should be punished harshly. • Proposed theWade-Davis Bill (July 4, 1864): TheSouth could set up government according to the following terms: • Governor appt. by Pres. & approved by Congress • At least _______ of voters in a conquered state take oath of allegiance. • Ex-Confederates would be banned from drafting new state constitutions (IRONCLAD OATH). • State constitutions must __________ slavery and grant citizenship/voting rights to freedmen • Passed Congress on July 2, 1864. • Lincoln did not sign the bill: “southern states should be able to choose between both plans” • Lincoln wanted to restore national unity (speedy) • March 5, 1865 “With Malice toward None…” • Issued Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (Dec. 1863): • Would give a _________ ___________ to all southerners (except high-ranking Confederate leaders) who would: • Restoration of rights and property • swear allegiance to the Constitution • accept emancipation • After _____%of the citizens of a southern state took that oath, the state would be readmitted.

11. 13th Amendment: Abolished Slavery • After debating the amendment, the Senate passed it on April 8, 1864, by a vote of 38 to 6. • Although they initially rejected the amendment, the House of Representatives passed it on January 31, 1865, by a vote of 119 to 56. • President Abraham Lincoln then submitted the proposed amendment to the states for _______________. • Secretary of StateWilliam Henry Seward issued a statement verifying the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment on December 18, 1865.

12. Assassination of April 14, 1865: President Lincoln was assassinated while attending a performance of Our American Cousin at __________ Theater in Washington, D.C. The assassin, John Wilkes Booth, escaped with a broken leg, but he was shot later. Lincoln was succeeded by his vice president, Andrew Johnson. _________________________: He was a Southern sympathizer during the Civil War, who plotted with six fellow-conspirators to assassinate Union leaders. On Apr. 14, 1865, he shot President Lincoln during a performance of Our American Cousin at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C. He escaped, but was later shot and killed.

13. O Captain! My Captain! _____________________ (1819-1892) 1 O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,               2 The ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is won,               3 The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,               4 While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;               5    But O heart! heart! heart!               6        O the bleeding drops of red,               7 Where on the deck my Captain lies,               8   Fallen cold and dead.               9 O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;             10 Rise up -- for you the flag is flung -- for you the bugle trills,             11 For you bouquets and ribbon'd wreaths -- for you the shores a-crowding,             12 For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;             13    Here Captain! dear father!             14        This arm beneath your head!             15 It is some dream that on the deck,             16    You've fallen cold and dead.             17 My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still,             18 My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will,             19 The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done,             20 From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;             21    Exult O shores, and ring O bells!             22        But I with mournful tread,             23 Walk the deck my Captain lies,             24    Fallen cold and dead.

14. Johnson Becomes President (April 1865) • Began life as a poor ____________ • Owned 5 slaves until 1862 (Tenn. Rebels) • Racist: “…inferior to the white man in point of intellect…better calculated in physical structure to undergo drudgery and hardship.” • Democratic Senator (Tenn.) • Only _________________ Senator to support the Union (held aristocratic planter class responsible for secession) • Becomes Pres. In April 1865; Congress not due in session until December

15. Johnson’s Plan • Pardoned many ex-_______________ (14,000) • Returned confiscated land to ex-Confederates. • Set easy terms for readmission to the Union • 1. States had to ____________their actsofsecession (South Carolina and Georgia) • 2. States had to abolish slavery (ratify13th Amendment) • 3. States had to refuse to pay Confederate government debts (this was intended to punish southerners who had financed the war) Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

16. Why did many Americans consider President Johnson’s plan unfair? • It allowed former Confederates to go unpunished. • It allowed former Confederates to take office and control state legislatures • It allowed for these new state governments to enact _________ _________ that restricted the rights of freedmen. • It led to ex-Confederates getting elected to Fed. Govt. (Elections of 1865) • 15 of 80 Senators and House of Reps had served in Confederate Army (10 were generals) • Another 16 had served in judicial and civil posts • Another 9 had served in the Confederate Congress • Alexander Stephens had served as VP of the Confederacy

17. Congress continues to Act _________ _________ • Was created in March 1865 to aid the millions of southerners left homeless and hungry by the war. • Distributed millions of free __________ to black and white refugees • Set up hospitals • Brought thousands of white southerners back onto farms to make a living again. • Served as an ________________ agency • Operated schools (By 1869, hundreds of schools for African Americans had been established in the South) • Built schools and provided teachers to give blacks the education they had been denied under slavery • Helped establish colleges for black students, including Howard University, Hampton Institute, Atlanta University, and Fisk University

18. Roles of the Freedmen’s Bureau: • Distribute food and clothing • Served as an employment agency • Set up hospitals and schools • African American Universities: Atlanta, Howard, Fisk

19. Freedmen’s School

20. Johnson Vetoes Bill • In February 1866 Congress passed the Freedman’s Bureau Bill to extend the life of the agency • Surprisingly, Johnson ______________ the bill, citing constitutional and financial reasons: • “It was never intended that the Freedmen should be fed, clothed, educated, and sheltered by the United States.” • Johnson disagreed with allowing the Bureau to deal with cases involving discrimination or infringement of civil rights---(claimed this should be left to the courts)

21. Congress (Republicans) Vs. Johnson • Republican-dominated Congress refused to seat the southern representatives. • In early 1866, Congress began hearings on conditions in the South. • Witness after witness presented evidence of postwar violence • African Americans recounted stories of murder and the burning of____________, homes, and schools • A move was made by Republicans to extend the life of the Freedman’s Bureau

22. Result: Former Confederates Enact Black Codes • Resembled pre-Civil War slave codes • i.e. Mississippi only substituted the word “freedman” for “slave” • Varied from state to state • Aimed to prevent African Americans from achieving social, political, and _________ equality

23. Freedmen’s School Burns Memphis (1866)

24. Race Riots • May 1, 1866 two carriages collided on the streets of Memphis • Police officers arrested the black driver but not the white driver • Blacks protested; white mob gathered • Led to a 3-day riot in which white rioters (mainly police officers and firefighters) killed 46 African Americans and burned 12 schools and 4 churches

26. Examples of Black Codes • African Americans could not hold _____________ unless whites were present • Forbade them to __________ without __________, own guns, attend schools with whites, sit on juries, etc… • Reestablished white control over labor • Forced African Americans to return to the fields… • Some states required blacks to only work as servants; • Some states required blacks to pay taxes to work in other occupations. • Several states required blacks to sign long-term labor contracts (those who refused could be arrested) • Apprenticeship laws: Most states allowed judges to bind black children to white employers if they deemed the parents unable to support them (thousands of black children worked for planters)

27. EFFECTS OF PRESIDENT JOHNSON’S RECONSTRUCTION PLAN ON FORMER CONFEDERATES AND THE EFFECTS OF THE BLACK CODES ON FREEDPEOPLE PRESIDENT JOHNSON’S RECONSTRUCTION PLAN  • BENEFITS TO FORMER CONFEDERATES • Blanket pardon for most rebels • Easy terms of readmission to the Union;: states had to nullify their acts of secession, abolish slavery, and refuse to pay war debts  FORMER CONFEDERATES ENACT BLACK CODES  • EFFECTS OF CODES ON AFRICAN AMERICANS • Tried to deprive freed people of equality • Re-established white control over African American labor

28. Congress Passes ______ ______Bill • First Civil Rights law in nation’s history • Declared that everyone __________ in the U.S. was a citizen with full civil rights; however, it still did NOT guarantee voting rights • This law was written to overturn the 1857 Dred __________ ruling and to nullify the recently enacted black codes. • “If the President vetoes the Civil Rights Bill, we shall be obliged to draw our swords.” --Ohio senator

29. Not this Time! • Johnson vetoes the bill, arguing that it would centralize power in the federal government. • This veto eroded any support he had had in Congress—Moderates and Radicals unite: • Congress __________ the veto of the Civil Rights Act. • Congress passed a new Freedman’s Bureau Bill, overriding Johnson’s veto yet again.

30. RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF 1867 Help is on the way!!! _______________Northern Republicans who moved South during Reconstruction

31. 2. ____________- Name given to southerners who now backed reconstruction and helped with the rebuilding process 3. The Freedmen Bureau – agency developed to help the homeless and the hungry

32. More Helpful Ideas: • Joint Committee of 15 established by Congress to examine successes and failures of reconstruction • _______________ Act – divided the South into 5 military districts

34. The Fourteenth Amendment (Ratified 1868) • Congress attempted to answer all of Johnson’s Constitutional objections to the Civil Rights Bill with the 14th Amendment: 1. Required states to extend equal citizenship to African Americans and all people “born or naturalized in the U.S.” 2. It denied states the right to deprive anyone of “life, liberty, or property without due process of law.” 3. It promised all citizens the “equal protection of the laws.”

35. Fourteenth Amendment (Cont’d) • DID NOT GUARANTEE AFRICAN AMERICAN VOTING RIGHTS • It did, however, reduce the representation of any state that did not allow its adult male citizens to vote. • The more African American men who were not allowed to vote, the fewer representatives that state could send to Congress • If the Southern states accepted this amendment, they could enter the Union: TENNESSEE • Johnson campaigned heavily against this amendment.

36. Events causing Conflict b/w Johnson & Senate • Vetoes Freedmen’s Bureau Bill • Vetoes Civil Rights Bill of 1866 which declared every one born in U.S. a full citizen with civil rights • 3. 14th Amendment - Granted rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the U.S. • Denied states the right to deprive anyone of life, liberty, or property without due process

37. At the same time the Reconstruction Acts were passed, the Tenure of Office Act is passed to limit the power of the President. The Also passed the Command of the Army Act to prevent the president from issuing military orders except through the commanding general, Ulysses S. Grant. (Who could not be removed without the approval of the Senate).

38. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Reasons House impeached Johnson Reasons Senate Acquitted Johnson Articles 1-8: Charged Johnson with illegally violating the ______________ ________________ – prohibited the President from removing any appointed govt. official without Senate approval Article 9: Accused Johnson of violating the Command of the Army Act – required Johnson to issue all military orders through the General of the Army instead of dealing directly with military governors in the South Article 10-11: Accused Johnson of making “inflammatory and scandalous speeches.” • Weak case against Johnson • Failure to prove that Johnson was guilty of “bribery, treason, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.” • Personal dislike of potential presidential successor (Benjamin Wade) • Fear that impeachment would weaken future presidents and threaten checks and balances

39. Main Reason for Impeachment: Violated Tenure of Office Act (Senate must approve the removal of an official) Johnson challenged this by firing Secretary of War – Edward Stanton

40. Article II Section 4Conviction of treason, bribery, and any other high crime or misdemeanor Step #1 – The ____________ charges president with crime by majority vote Step # 2 – Certain House members act as lawyers and prosecute the president and the ___________ acts as the jury and listens to charges while the _________ __________ of the Supreme Court (Salmon P. Chase) acts as judge Step # 3 – Senate votes – if 2/3rds vote guilty the president is removed from office

41. Post Civil War ______________________: This act was passed in Congress with nearly unanimous Republican support in March 1866, and it attempted to redress the issue of slavery by defining all persons born in the nation as citizens. It also specified the rights of citizens, the right to sue, make contracts, give evidence in court, hold, convey, and inherit property. _________________Amendment: The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1865. It prohibited "slavery or involuntary servitude except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." This amendment guaranteed freedom for African Americans. _________________ Amendment: The Fourteenth Amendment was passed in 1868. It said that no state can make or enforce any law which "deprives any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." Also, states could not "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." _________________ Amendment: Secretary of State Hamilton Fish ratified the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of United States on March 30, 1870. This amendment explicitly forbid denial of the right to vote for citizens "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

42. The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan

43. Ku Klux Klan: secret terrorist organization formed by 6 ex-confederates soldiers The Grand Wizard: (Head of the Klan) Nathan Bedford____________

44. Led murders on Republicans – killing many whites and blacks that sided with the Republican Party Klansmen burned schools, homes, churches These events led to the _________________Acts (document): designed to help protect against the KKK

45. KKK 3 Main Objectives: During Reconstruction • Prevent Blacks from voting • Destroy Republican Party • Frighten African Americans political leaders

50. Strange Fruit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFIficim0ds Emmitt Till by Bob Dylan http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjfGcRM35xg&feature=related Martin Luther King "I have a dream" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PbUtL_0vAJk