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Chapter 19 The Italian Renaissance Trade with Asia A. The Silk Road Reopens 1. When the Han fell, the silk road declined. Under the M ongols, it was built back up again. 2. Marco Polo and his family befriended Kublai Khan, stayed for 20 years, came back to Europe and wrote a book.
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Chapter 19 The Italian Renaissance Trade with Asia A. The Silk Road Reopens 1. When the Han fell, the silk road declined. Under the Mongols, it was built back up again. 2. Marco Polo and his family befriended Kublai Khan, stayed for 20 years, came back to Europe and wrote a book.
B. Trade Cities in Italy 1. Four Italian cities became trading centers in the 1300’s a. Florence b. Genoa c. Milan d. Venice 2. In these trading centers shoppers could buy goods from all over Asia, residents could participate in cultural diffusion.
C. Florence 1. The city’s wealth began with wool trade but banking increased that wealth by making loans and charging interest. 2. The Medici family in the 1400’s were the richest family which gave them political power. 3. By 1434 Cosimode’Medici ruled Florence. 4. He improved the city by hiring artists and architects to beautify his Palace. He also built libraries to improve education.
D. The beginning of the Renaissance 1. With an interest in art and literature revived, an appreciation developed for the importance of people as individuals. II. Italian Writers and Artists A. Sources of Inspiration 1. During the Middle Ages most thinkers devoted themselves to religious study 2. By the 1300’s scholars looked into: a. poetry, history, art and Greek and Latin language.
B. Italian Writers 1.Dante Alighieri- earliest politician and poet wrote in Italian 2. Niccolo Machiavelli- politician who wrote a short book called The Prince which gave leaders advice on how they should rule C. Italian Art and Artists 1. Artists created works of art that were more realistic than the works of the Middle Ages. 2.Perspective was used as a way of showing depth and distance on a flat surface.
D. Two Masters 1. Michelangelo- designed buildings, wrote poetry, carved sculptures and painted magnificent pictures 2. Leonardo da Vinci- expert painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, engineer, town planner, and map maker.
The Renaissance beyond Italy • Advances in Science and Education A. Mathematics and the Sciences 1. Renaissance scientists studied ancient math texts and built on the ideas in them. 2. They created many symbols that we use today: square root, positive, and negative. 3. Advances in math led to other advances like: engineers, architects, and astronomy.
B. Changes in Education 1. Religious and Humanity studies 2. Petrarch warned about the importance of studying history. II. The Spread of New Ideas A. Paper and Printing 1. Paper making was passed on to the Europeans by the Chinese. 2. Johann Gutenberg developed a printing press that used moveable type. 3. In 1456 Gutenberg printed the Bible in Latin. 4. As the Bible became increasingly available, the people learned to read.
B. New Universities 1. Many students traveled to Italy to study humanities and these ideas came back in their home countries. 2. Eventually this spread to other countries. 3. Although only men were educated, many nobles educated their daughters in the home. 4. These women, when married, would spread the Renaissance ideas in the lands that their husbands ruled.
C. The Northern Renaissance 1. As humanism spread, it took a more religious form. 2. Many northern scholars came to feel that the church was corrupt. 3. Desiderius Erasmus criticized corrupt clergy and wanted to get rid of some church rituals he felt were meaningless. 4. Art began to change as well, focusing on a more realistic view of the human form. 5. Albrecht Durer was an artist who studied anatomy in order to be more realistic in his paintings.
D. Literature beyond Italy 1. Miguel de Cervantes wrote Don Quixote. 2. William Shakespeare was considered the greatest writer in the English Language.
The Reformation of Christianity • Reformers call for change A. Unpopular church practices 1. Many who wanted reform felt there were a number of issues in the church: a. too involved in politics b. neglectful of religious duties c. church had grown too rich. 2. One way the church made money was by the sale of indulgences. 3. Like paying for the forgiveness of sins, buying your way into heaven.
B. Martin Luther 1. October 31, 1517-a priest named Martin Luther nailed a list of complaints about the Church to the church door in Wittenberg, Germany. 2. Thanks to the printing press, copies spread to neighboring states. 3. His ideas angered many and Pope Leo X called Luther a heretic and excommunicated him. 4. A noble allowed Luther to hide from the Emperor who had ordered him to leave the empire 5. Those who protested against the Roman Catholic Church became known as Protestants 6. Luther encouraged people to live as the Bible said not how priests interpreted it. 7. To help others understand, Luther translated the Bible into German.
C. Other Reformers 1. William Tyndale- English professor who thought everyone should be able to interpret the Bible. 2. When he translated it, Catholic authorities had him executed. 3. John Calvin believed in predestination. 4. In 1541, people of Genvea Switzerland made Calvin their religious and political leader. 5. King Henry VIII wanted a divorce from his first wife, but the pope refused. 6. In 1534, he declared himself head of a new church, The Church of England or the Anglican Church. 7. The rituals and beliefs of the Anglican Church stayed very much like those of the Catholic Church.
The Catholic Reformation A. Catholic culture in Spain 1. As a result of the Reconquista and the Spanish Inquisition the Catholic Church was # 1 in Spain B. Catholic Reforms 1. Due impart to the criticism of protestant reformers, new religious orders and communities came about 2. St. Ignatius of Loyola began an order known as the Jesuits 3. The hope was to teach people about Catholic ideas and turn people against Protestantism
The Council of Trent • Clergy across Europe came to discuss, debate and eventually reform Catholic teachings • The Pope created religious courts to punish reformers and issued a list of books considered dangerous for people to read • Catholic Missionaries • Many Catholics dedicated their lives to the spread of their faith • Jesuit priest, Saint Francis Xavier was responsible for bringing Catholicism to parts of India and Japan in the mid- 1500s
The Political Impact • Religious Wars • French Protestants were known as Hugenots • Hugenot and Catholic issues grew after the French king banned all Protestant religions, violence broke out. • The fighting ended, for the most part, after the Edict of Nantes • Disagreements and discrimination continued between the groups for years • A peace agreement, The Treaty of Westphalia allowed rulers to determine which country would be Catholic and which would be Protestant
Social Change 1. Protestants did not have priests and bishops or other clergy, so the people ran the church. 2. In some places, congregations ruled their towns as well as their churches 3. The town meetings were an early form of self-government 4. Federalism came as a response to the sharing of power. 5. When people found that their opinions mattered, they started to ask questions
