Human Populations

Human Populations APES Chapter 6

Activity: • Reading assignment, section 1 ch 6 due Monday • Posted on Web-page

Rap Session: • Discuss Human Populations… • Increase, decrease???? • Where??? • Pros associated with this phenomenon……. • Problems associated with this phenomenon….

Poster in China, 1980’s

Lets Look At China • What do you know? • Prior to 1970’s, China encouraged population growth • By 1970, resources were being depleted too fast • Govt. instituted program • Families were encouraged to have no more than 1 child • Marry later in life • Birth control and abortions were easily accessible • By 1975, the # dropped from 2.8% to 1.8% • By 1979, reward and punishment system in place • Social rewards for maintaining the 1 child status • Social scorn and ridicule for others w/more than 1 • Consequences: • .06% growth rate • Murder of baby girls • Unbalanced sex ratio

Human Population Growth • 7 billion!! • Most growth is in poor, developing nations • Not equipped to handle it • Population has doubled since 1967 world wide • ~80 million people per year (2.5 every second)

Video • Video on Demand - The Habitable Planet: A Systems Approach to Environmental Science - Human Population Dynamics • How will the world population change in the future?

Activity: Where do you stand???? If you don’t stand for something, you will fall for anything!!!

Monday: Section 1 readings

Rule of Thumb • Estimate doubling times as follows: • 70/ the annual percentage growth rate • Example: • 70/2.1 = 33.3 • In 33 years, a population with an AGR of 2.1 will double in 33 yrs! • Is this a bad thing? • Pros to population increase • Warfare • Economic reasons • Cons to population increase • Depletion on resources • Economic reasons

Is our Population Growth really a Problem? Ch 6 Continued Section 2 readings due Wednesday

Why has it Increased? • Advances in: • Technology • Green revolution • Medical care • Improved sanitation • Etc. • D:\Chapter_06\C_Animation_and_Video_Files\Animations\human_pop_growth\human_pop_growth_START.html

What about our Quality of Life? • Increased numbers of people will put a strain on resources, taking away from future generations • We just borrow our planet from our children • Stresses on social systems • Less space in which to live • Less food to eat • Less material wealth

IPAT Model: • Model proposed in 74 to show how factors affect environments • IPAT I = P X A X T • I = Impact • P = Population • A = Affluence • T = Technology • The way in which our total impact on the environment results from the interaction among population, affluence, and technology

IPAT • Population: Increased #’s mean more people, less space, more natural resource use, more waste. • Affluence: Affluent societies have more stuff- greater per capita resource consumption • Technology: Enhances our ability to exploit minerals, fossil fuels, oceans, etc. but can also reduce smokehouse emissions, harness renewable energy, etc.

Look @ China • More people = more need for resources • People are becoming more affluent • More wealth = more need for resources, more waste, etc. • More agriculture: less land- soils are depleted • Dust bowl • Rivers are drained • Etc. • Example: Shark Fin Soup

Demography • The study of human populations • HUMANS ARE SUBJECT TO THE SAME RULES OF THE JUNGLE AS EVERYONE ELSE!!!! • We have SO FAR been able to raise our carrying capacity with our technological advances, but there is a limit

Population size Does the number of people tell the whole story? No. Human Impact depends on many factors

Many ways to look @ populations • Age structure • Sex Ratio • Normally, 106 males for every 100 females • China in 2022: 120 males to 100 females

Demographic Transition • Model of economic and cultural change to explain falling death and birth rates in Western nations. • Stable pre-industrialized state of high death and birth rates to a Stable post-industrialized state of low death and birth rates. • What is the cause? • Thought to be temporary

Activity: • Section 2 readings due tomorrow!!!

Activity: Section 2 • Empowering women • Wealth and affluence • The haves and the have nots • Poverty and population growth go hand in hand. Why? • Conclusions??????

The world has achieved equality in primary education between girls and boys, but only 2 out of 130 countries have achieved that target at all levels of education. Globally, 40 out of every 100 wage-earning jobs in the non-agricultural sector were held by women in 2011. This is a significant improvement since 1990. In many countries, gender inequality persists and women continue to face discrimination in access to education, work and economic assets, and participation in government. For example, in every developing region, women tend to hold less secure jobs than men, with fewer social benefits. Violence against women continues to undermine efforts to reach all goals. Poverty is a major barrier to secondary education, especially among older girls. Women are largely relegated to more vulnerable forms of employment.

Major areas of concern: • Reproductive health • From prevention to child-bearing and rearing • Stewardship of natural resources • Most women on charge of securing water, food, fuel • Economic empowerment • More women than men live in poverty • Educational empowerment • 2/3rds of women worldwide are illiterate • Political empowerment • Many social and legal institutions still do not guarantee women basic fundamental rights • Empowerment throughout lifecycle • Women face different challenges @ different stages of life

Population and Society • Empowering women changed the world ;) • Contraceptives • Education • Contraceptive use • 20 African nations are less than 10% • China is at 86% • Worldwide is 54%

Not just China • India was the 1st nation to implement population control policies • 1970 they introduced forced sterilization!! • Government fell as a result • Now it is trying to implement a 2 child per household policy • Will overtake China’s population by 2030 • Thailand: education and family planning

Poverty and Population Growth • HUGE correlation!! • Poor nations have • Higher fertility rates • Higher birth rates • Higher infant mortality rates • Lower contraceptive use • These trends affect distributions of people • 1960: 70% lived in developing nations • 2007: 82% lived in these areas • 99% of the next billion will live here!!!!!

Activity: • Write a short summary of how wealth and affluence are adding to the problem • Lab: “The power of doubling” tomorrow

QUESTION: Review What has accounted for the majority of the world’s population growth in recent years? a) More women are having more babies. b) Death rates have dropped due to technology, medicine, and food. c) Fewer women are using contraceptives. d) More people are dying worldwide. e) Nothing. The population has dropped in recent years.

QUESTION: Review According to the I = P x A x T formula, what would happen if the U.S., with its consumptive lifestyle, increased its population to 1 billion people? a) The population would automatically drop. • b The population would automatically increase. • c) The impact on the environment would increase. • D)The impact on the environment would decrease. • e) The impact on the environment would even out.

QUESTION: Review How have humans been able to raise the environment’s carrying capacity for our species? a) Through technology b) By eliminating limiting factors c) Through increased consumption d) Spending more money on non-essential resources e) By formulating population policy guidelines

QUESTION: Review Areas that lack significant numbers of people and have a low population density are: a)No longer available b) Best able to support higher densities of people c) Sensitive areas least able to support high densities of people d) Located around tropical and grassland areas e) Located around coastal areas and rivers

QUESTION: Review What will keep a population size stable? a)When TFR > replacement fertility b) When TFR < replacement fertility c) When TFR = replacement fertility d) When more people are born e) When fertility rates increase

QUESTION: Review Describe the relationship between growth rates and population size. a) Falling growth rates automatically mean a smaller population. b) Falling growth rates automatically mean a larger population. c) Falling growth rates mean we no longer have a population problem. d) Falling growth rates does not mean a smaller population, but that rates of increase are slowing. e) Falling growth rates mean that the human population is in danger of extinction.

QUESTION: Review Which of the following will NOT result in lower population growth rates? a) Empowering women b) Delayed marriage for women c) Educating women d) Providing access to contraceptives e) All of these result in lower population growth rates.

QUESTION: Weighing the Issues In 2001, the Bush administration withheld funds for international family planning. Should the U.S. fund family planning? a)Yes, absolutely. b) Yes, but only in nations that follow U.S.-approved programs. c) Only if it can influence the nation’s policies. d) Never under any circumstances. It’s not our job. e) No, we are too broke to help other nations.

QUESTION: Weighing the Issues A fear of fewer workers and a weakened economy has led many policymakers in developed countries to offer incentives to women to have more children. a) This is good, since children strengthen society. b) This is good, since developed nations can afford larger populations. c) This is not good. Developed nations can increase immigration to increase workers. d) This is not a good idea. Leaders must find other solutions e) I don’t care, since I plan on living in the U.S. anyway.

QUESTION: Weighing the Issues Would you rather live in a country with a larger population or smaller population? a) Small population, so there will be more resources for me b) Small population, so there will be more resources for others, including wildlife c) Large population, so I can find a date d) Large population, because people are our biggest resource

QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs What happens during the “transitional” stage of the demographic transition? • High birth and death rates cause population increases • High birth and death rates, but population is stable • High birth rates with low death rates cause population to increase • Low birth and death rates cause the population to decrease e) Population stabilized due to government incentives

QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data According to this age pyramid, Madagascar’s future population will be: a) Balanced b) Larger c) Much larger Smaller Much smaller

Human Populations