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Vertebral Column

Vertebral Column. Axial skeleton Functions Supports trunk Carries skull Protects spinal cord Movements Flexion Extension Lateral flexion Shape – limits movement. 33 vertebrae 24 separate, mobile 9 immobile No. of vertebrae Cervical = 7 Thoracic = 12 Lumbar = 5 Sacral =5

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Vertebral Column

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  1. Vertebral Column • Axial skeleton • Functions • Supports trunk • Carries skull • Protects spinal cord • Movements • Flexion • Extension • Lateral flexion • Shape – limits movement

  2. 33 vertebrae • 24 separate, mobile • 9 immobile • No. of vertebrae • Cervical = 7 • Thoracic = 12 • Lumbar = 5 • Sacral =5 • Coxygeal =4

  3. Function of v/c • Resilience (spring) • Primary curves • Enlarge pelvic cavity • Enlarge thoracic cavity • Secondary curves • Brings head & trunk in vertical line of gravity (erect position e.g. standing, sitting)

  4. Lateral view • Adult = Four curves • Foetus = 1 • Primary Curves • Concaved anteriorly • Thoracic • Coccygeal • Secondary Curves • Convexed anteriorly • Cervical • Lumbar • Primary & secondary curves ascribe to shape of vertebral bodies & i/v discs • The i/v discs become thinner with age • Result is more primary curves • Stooped posture

  5. Abnormal Curves • Thoracic kyphosis • Primary • Lumbar lordosis • Secondary • Scoliosis • Lateral curvature • Wedge-shaped vertebrae • hemivertebrae

  6. Abnormal Curves • Kyphosis • Abn post convexity • Usually thoracic region • Scoliosis • Convexity to one side • Asymmetric muscle weakness • Abn vertebrae • Lordosis • Convex ant curve • Lumbar region p130

  7. BLOCK 14 CERVICAL VERTEBRAE

  8. General Structure of a Vertebra • Vertebral body • Anterior • Concave superior surface • Concave inferior surface • i/v discs • Weightbearing • Larger & stronger from superior to inferior • Compact bone • Spongy bone • Neural (vertebral arch) • Forms vertebral foramen • A few of the latter forms vertebral canal • Latter houses the spinal cord + meninges • 2 pedicles • 2 Laminae • Notches • Superior vertebral notch • Inferior vertebral notch • 2 vertebral notches form intervertebral foramen

  9. Projections from the vertebral arch • Spinous process • Single • Posteriorly • For muscle attachment • Transverse process • Double • Laterally • For muscle attachment • Articular facets • Superior • Inferior • laterally

  10. Regional CharacteristicsCervical Vertebrae • Shape • Small, oval • Superior border • Lateral free standing lips • Vertebral foramina • Large • Spinous process • Posterior • Horizontal • Bifid • Transverse process • Transverse foramen • Vertebral artery • Articular facets • Lower facets face down & ant • Movements • Considerable • Flexion, extension, rotation • Joints • Less stable • Dislocations common

  11. Typical Cervical Vertebrae • Foramen transversarium in transverse processes • For vertebral artery (C1-C6) • Bifid spinous process • Large vertebral foramen • Triangular • For cervical enlargement of spinal cord • Bodies smaller & wider from side to side

  12. Atypical Cervical Vertebrae • C1 • Circular • No body • No spinous process • Articular facets for condyles of skull • C2 • Dens / odontoid process • C6 • Anterior tubercle of transverse process, the carotid tubercle, is large • C7 • Vertebra prominens • Long spinous process • Can be palpated

  13. C1 or ATLAS • Articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull and C2 (or the axis) • The “yes joint” • Large transverse processes called “wings” • Lack of a spinous process

  14. C2 or AXIS • The “no joint” • Broad, narrow spinous process • Dens (or odontoid process) is the body of the atlas (C1) – became detached

  15. The atlanto-axial joint • No intervertebral disc between C1 and C2 • Position of C2 spinous process in relation to C1 • Articulation of the dens (of C2) with C1

  16. Cervical Ligaments

  17. Radiographic Anatomy of the Cervical Spine

  18. Vertebral Numbers and Common Nomenclature • Cervical (7) : C1-C7 • Thoracic (12) : T1-T12 • Lumbar (5) : L1-L5 • Sacral (5) : S1-S5 (fused) • Coccygeal (5) : fused

  19. General Radiographic Considerations • Number • Alignment • Size • Shape • Radiopacity

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