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Calvin S. Kalman

Why Quarks Cannot be Fundamental Particles. Calvin S. Kalman . Why Preons?. The standard model contains 18 undetermined parameters 48 particles. I. A. D'Souza & C. S.Kalman PREONS Models of Leptons, Quarks and Gauge Bosons as Composite Objects World Scientific 1992. Atomism.

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Calvin S. Kalman

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  1. Why Quarks Cannot be Fundamental Particles Calvin S. Kalman

  2. Why Preons? • The standard model contains • 18 undetermined parameters • 48 particles I. A. D'Souza & C. S.Kalman PREONSModels of Leptons, Quarks and Gauge Bosons as Composite ObjectsWorld Scientific 1992

  3. Atomism According to the atomists, atoms are invisible and indivisible bits of matter that are ungenerated and indestructible. Quarks are not indestructible, some can decay into other quarks!

  4. Atomism In 1750, Rudjer Boscovich, postulated that atoms contain smaller parts, which in turn contain still smaller parts, and so forth down to the fundamental building blocks of matter. Structure Compound Simple molecule atom nucleus nucleon quark preon

  5. Individual preons haveone of two weak charges entities Interaction charges Electrical one nucleon Strong three 3 quarks Weak two 2 preons

  6. Preons have a “weak” charge neutral quarks Each quark q is a p1 p2 combination

  7. p1 & p2 cannot:a)both be fermionsnorb)both be bosons 1/2  1/2 = 1,0 0  0 = 0 Need to combine a fermion p1 and a boson p2 : 1/2  0 = 1/2

  8. severe constraint on preon models: ’t Hooft anomaly matching conditions1 Almost impossible to meet if preons are entirely made offermions. Easy to satisfy the conditions in models containing fermionic and scalar fermions2. 1. G ’t Hooft in Recent Developments in Gauge Theories, edited byG ’t Hooft et. al.(Plenum Press, New York, N.Y.)1980, p.2.. 2. I. A. D'Souza & C. S.Kalman. PREONS; Models of Leptons, Quarks and Gauge Bosons as Composite Objects(World Scientific, Singapore) 1992.

  9. The onset of subquark structure could show up in the nucleon x distribution. <x>q≈ 0.3. If one of the three quarks is resolved into preons, each of the two preons contributes half of the resolved quarks momentum: <x>p≈ 0.15. The x distribution will thus exhibit two peaks: The peak centred at 0.3 corresponds to the two unresolved quarks and is thus higher than the peak corresponding to the single resolved quark.

  10. Conclusions • Previous discussions of preon models emphasized the desirability of preon models because of problems with the standard model • In this paper it is emphasized that the basic notion of atomism requires the existence of preons • It is likely that preons are based upon the weak charge. • A good place to search for preons is in the nucleon x distribution.

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