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UNIT 1 : The Early Middle Ages. Germanic kingdoms and the Byzantine Empire

UNIT 1 : The Early Middle Ages. Germanic kingdoms and the Byzantine Empire. Geography & History 2ºESO. 1. The Middle Ages . Stages and civilisations. 1.1 The Early Middle Ages and its stages . 3 rd century : Germanic tribes began infiltrating the Roman Empire

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UNIT 1 : The Early Middle Ages. Germanic kingdoms and the Byzantine Empire

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  1. UNIT 1: The Early Middle Ages. Germanic kingdoms and the Byzantine Empire Geography & History 2ºESO

  2. 1. TheMiddleAges. Stages and civilisations. 1.1 TheEarlyMiddleAges and itsstages. • 3rd century: GermanictribesbeganinfiltratingtheRomanEmpire • 395: Theodosiusdividedtheempireintotwoparts • Western RomanEmpire (capital Rome) • Eastern RomanEmpire (capital Constantinople) • Differenthistoricalpath. • Western RomanEmpire • Itsufferedinvasionsfromgermanictribes and waslosingterritories. • Finally, in 476 itfellintothehands of theHeruli and disappeared. • Eastern RomanEmpire • Itsurvivedtotheinvasions. • Lasteduntil 1453 defeatedbytheTurks. • MIDDLE AGES STAGES • EarlyMiddleAges – 5th c. (476) - 10th c. • HighMiddleAges – 11th -13th c. • Late MiddleAges – 14th – 15th c. (1476 or 1492)

  3. 1. TheMiddleAges. Stages and civilisations. 1.2 Medieval civilisations • OrthodoxChistianity • ByzantineEmpire • Romantraditionsbutwithgreeklanguage • They do notrecognisethereligiousprimacy of the Pope of Rome. • LatinChristendom • RomanCatholic Christian religión – Pope as the leader of theChurch • Manydifferentkingdoms: Feudal Monarchies. • Visigoths, Franks, HolyRomanEmpire, etc. • Islam • New religionfromthepreaching of Mahoma • 7th century • Arabia • ItsfollowerswerecalledMuslims

  4. 2. TheByzantineEmpire (I) General Characteristics. 2.1 HistoricalEvoluction • Fromthe 5th century, differentperiods. • 6th c. • Theempirereachitspeak (period of splendor) • EmperorJustinian I • He wantedtorestoretheoldRomanEmpire • Conqueredtheterritories of northAfrica, Italy and thesouth of theIberianpeninsula. • Theywerelostuponhisdeath. • 7th c. • Muslimsconqueredtherichestprovinces. • Period of crisis. • Middle of the 11th centuryon… • Deep crisis • TheturksconqueredConstantinople in 1453. End of theempire.

  5. 2. TheByzantineEmpire (I) General Characteristics. 2.2 Government and administration. • Emperor • Allthepower • Title of Basileus • Administration • Civil servants • Legistationbased in Romanlaw. • Corpus Iuris Civilis: Code of lawscompiled and upgradedbyJustinian I • Territorial administration • Territoryorganisedintoprovinces • Provincesgovernedby a political and military head.

  6. 2. TheByzantineEmpire (I) General Characteristics. 2.3 TheByzantineeconomy • Agriculture • Itwasthebasis of theeconomy • Latifundia: Largeproperties of land. • Owners: monasteries, nobles. • Workers: serfs • Cafts • Luxuryarticles • Commerce • Benefittedfromthestrategic position of Constantinople. • BetweenEurope and Asia. • BetweenTheMediterranean and the Black sea.

  7. 3. TheByzantineEmpire (II). Society and art. 3.1 Byzantinesociety • Organisedintothreelevels • Upperclass (owners of latifundia, ocuppiedhigh positions in government) • Aristocracy • High-ranking Churchofficials • Middleclass • Wealthybusinessmen • Free farmers • Lowerclass • Serfs • Slaves

  8. 3. TheByzantineEmpire (II). Society and art. 3.2 TheChurch and itsproblems. • Great power and influence • Crownedtheemperor • Itheldlargelatifundia • Great influence in population (itcontrolledthe spiritual aspects) • Itfacedtwoproblems • Iconoclasticcontroversy • Emperors vs Church • Theemperorprohibitedtheicons (to reduce thepower of thechurch) • Theiconswerefinallyaccepted. • East-West Schism • RivalrybetweenthPatriarch of Constantinople and the Pope of Rome. ¿Whowasthe head of theChurch? • 1054: Separation of the Eastern and the Western Church • Eastern Church= OrthodoxChurchEvangelization of theSlavictribes.

  9. 3. TheByzantineEmpire (II). Society and art. 3.3 Byzantine art. • Architecture • Poormaterials (brick) • Supports • Columns • Semicircular arches • Flat orvaultedceilings. • Pendentives • Mainbuilding: church. • Plan • Rectangular/ Square/ Octagonal/Greekcross. • Examples: HagiaSophia. • Mosaics • Decoration of thewalls and domes (interior) • Examples: Mosaic of Justinian and hiswifeTheodora • Icon • Religiousimagesonboardsdecoratedwithgoldleaf.

  10. 4. Thesettlement of theGermanictribes in the West. 4.1 TheGermanicKingdoms. • Afterthedisappearenceof the Western RomanEmpireGermanicKingdoms. • Mostimportantones: Franks and Visigoths. • OtherGermanicKindoms • Ostrogoths • Italy. • King Theodoric. • ConqueredbytheByzantineempire (Justinian I) • Lombards • North of Italy • Powerfulkingdom • Lastedtwocenturies. • Angles and Saxons • England

  11. 4. Thesettlement of theGermanictribes in the West. 4.2 Theconsequences of thesettlement • Politicalconsequences • Disappeareanceof the Western RomanEmpire. • Fragmentation of theterritoryintosmallindependentkingdoms. • Economicconsequences • Process of ruralisation: process of changefromanurbaneconomy(craftsand commerce) to a rural economy (agriculture and livestock) • Workshops and commercealmostdissapeared. • Autarchy: self-sufficienteconomy (no commerce) • Social consequences • New elite: germanicpeoples • Middleclasslostimportance • Serfs and slavesmultiplied • Cultural consequences • Period of crisis • Knowledgewas reduce toisolated places: monasteries.

  12. 5. TheGermanicKingdoms (I). TheVisigoths. 5.1. Historicalevolution • Visigothssettled in theRomanprivince of Gaul • PactwiththeRomanEmpire • Visigothsgovernedtheregionin exchange of defendingitfromattacksbyothertribes. • KINGDOM OF TOULOUSE (415-507) • Bothsides of thePyrenees • Capital in Toulouse • HeydaywithEuric • Battle of Vouillé (507) • FranksdefeatedtheVisigoths • Alaric II died • VisigothsmovetotheIberianPeninsula. • KINGDOM OF TOLEDO (507-711) • Capital in Toledo • Leovigild • ConqueredtheentireIberianPeninsula • Reccared • ConvertedtoCatholicism in thethirdCoulcil of Toledo. • Battle of Guadalete (711) • MuslimsconqueredtheIberianPeninsula • End of VisigothicKingdom

  13. 5. TheGermanicKingdoms (I). TheVisigoths. 5.2. Theway of life of theVIsigoths • Politicalorganisation • Electivemonarchyweakermonarchy • Aula Regia • Council foradvisingthe King • Composedof nobles and importantecclesiastics • Economy • Centredonagriculture • Latifundia in thehands of thenobility and Church. • Society • Upperclass • Nobles • Highlevelclergy (bishops and abbots) • Lowerclass • Small landowners • Latifundiaworkers • Craftsmen • Merchans • Serfs • Culture • Impoverished • In thehands of theChurch • Art • Small churches • Horseshoearch.

  14. 6. TheGermanicKingoms (II). TheFranks and theCaroligianEmpire. 6.1 Historicalevolution. Fromkingdomtoempire. • Frankssettled in theRomanprovince of Gaul (aftertheVisigoths). • Merovigiandinasty • FoundedbyClovis. • Caroligiandinasty • Pepinthe Short • Foundedthedinasty. • Carlegmagne • Pepin´s son. • Period of greatness • Wantedto re-establishedtheoldRomanEmpire • Conquered a lot of territories in central Europe • Wascrownedemperorby Pope Leo III (800) • Louis thePious • Charlemagne´s son. • Afterhisdead, theempirewasdividedbetweenhisthreechildren.

  15. 6. TheGermanicKingoms (II). TheFranks and theCaroligianEmpire. 6.2. The Caroligian way of life. • Government • Emperor • Territorial administration • Counties • Count • Interior provinces • Marches • Marquis • Defensiveborderlandprovinces • Ithad a powerfularmy. • Economy • Basedonagriculture • Latifundia belonged to the aristocracy and Church. • Urbanactivitiesdeclined • Commerce was limited to luxury items to the rich and powerful people. • Society • Higherclass • Nobles • High ranking ecclesiastics • Middleclass • Farmers • Craftsmen • Merchants • Lowerclass • Serfs:bound to work  They could not leave the land without permission.

  16. 6. TheGermanicKingoms (II). TheFranks and theCaroligianEmpire. 6.3. Culture and art • Cultural reinassance • Duringtheperiod of Charlemagne • Capital of the empire in Aachen. • Alcuin of York.

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