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Chemistry & STEAM Fundamentals I

Chemistry & STEAM Fundamentals I. Measurement, Conversions & Calculations Dr. Ron Rusay. CHEM 106 Basic Measurements: for stuff that you can see or sense. LENGTH, WIDTH, HEIGHT, (DIAMETER) TIME VOLUME (occupied space) TEMPERATURE MASS (weight) Qualitative vs. Quantitative

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Chemistry & STEAM Fundamentals I

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  1. Chemistry & STEAM Fundamentals I Measurement, Conversions & Calculations Dr. Ron Rusay

  2. CHEM 106 Basic Measurements:for stuff that you can see or sense • LENGTH, WIDTH, HEIGHT, (DIAMETER) • TIME • VOLUME (occupied space) • TEMPERATURE • MASS (weight) • Qualitative vs. Quantitative • Eg. Qualitative: Old (sloth dung)vs. Young (you?) • Quantitative: 38,000 year old (dung) vs. a 20 year old (you?)

  3. Units of Measure

  4. Countries using “English” Unitsin red All other countries use the metric system. What percent of countries use the metric system? 193 countries / 196 countries (total) x 100 = 98.5%

  5. What is the length of the rod? Different measurement tools give different numbers: inches Did the Hubble space telescope use English or metric units in checking its mirror construction? …..navigating the Mars Climate Orbiter?

  6. Dimensional Analysis Conversion/Unit Factor Calculations • Qualitative Description: Are you tall, short, average? vs. Quantitative?.....The height on your driver’s license. • Calculate your height in centimeters/ “scale factor” UNITS ___ ft___in --------> ? cm • (1 ft = 12 in; 2.54 cm = 1 in) ? ? 12 2.54 ? in cm cm 2.54 ________________ + __________ = ft ? in ? cm 1 1 ft in in 1

  7. Dimensional Analysis Conversion/Unit Factor Calculations • Qualitative Description: Are you tall, short, average? vs. Quantitative?.....The height on your driver’s license. • Calculate your height in meters/ “scale factor” UNITS ___ ft___in --------> ? m • (1 ft = 12 in; 2.54 cm = 1 in; 100 cm = 1 m) • ___ft x 12 in/ft + ___in = ___in • ___in x 2.54 cm/in x 1 m/100cm = ___m

  8. White Dwarf Stars After it was fixed! Did the Hubble space telescope use English or metric units in checking its mirror construction? ….BOTH …..navigating the Mars Climate Orbiter? BOTH …. Orbiter was LOST!

  9. Measurement & UnitsSI units & common units in General Chemistry • Quantitative vs. Qualitative • MASS (Chem 106: gram; SI: kg; other mg) • LENGTH (Chem 106: cm & mm; SI: m; other km) • TEMPERATURE (Celsius & Kelvin; SI: K) • VOLUME (Chem 106: mL; SI: Liter; other dL) • CHEMICAL AMOUNT: mole (mol); SI: (mol); other (mmol)

  10. What is the length of the rod? Different measurement tools give different numbers: Which ruler is better? ? cm ? cm

  11. What is the diameter of a circle? All measuring devices are not the same, and the values (numbers) that come from them indicate their limitations. Is there a better instrument to use other than a ruler to measure the diameter of the sphere? A caliper

  12. Mass Determination(Weighing Devices: Balances)

  13. Mass vs. WeightEnglish vs. Metric

  14. Dimensional Analysis Conversion/Unit Factor Calculations • Qualitative Description: Are you heavy, slim, average? vs. Quantitative?.....The weight on your driver’s license? birth certificate? • Calculate your birth weight in kilograms. Scale FactorUNITS: 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 lb = 16 ounces (oz); 1 ounce (oz) = 0.0283495 kg ___ lbs __ ounces --------> ? kg ? ? 16 0.0283 oz kg kg 0.0283 ________________ + __________ = ______ ? lbs ? oz ? kg 1 1 oz oz lbs 1

  15. Volume(Liquid Measurement Tools) (CHEM 106) METRIC UNITS: milliliter mL m = milli L = liter

  16. English Metric Comparisons

  17. Volume UNITS: milliliter / mL / m = milli L = liter

  18. What does each line represent? 1 mL What can be estimated? O.1 mL

  19. Volumes of regular shapes V = s3 h V = l x w x h

  20. Volumes of regular shapes Euclid ~300 B.C.E.

  21. What is the volume the sphere? V = 4/3 x 3.14 x (11.0 mm)3 = 5,570 mm3

  22. Volume of an object (any shape) by displacement Archimedes 212 B.C.E. V = 60.5 mL – 50.0 ml =10.5 mL = 10.5 cm3 What is the volume of the jade?

  23. Scientific Notation &Significant Digits Scientific Notation: A single digit followed by a decimal and a power of ten. Examples: 2,345 mL and 0.002340 g 2,345 mL = 2.345 x 10 3mL 0.002340 g = 2.340x 10 -3g

  24. Temperature Scales UNITS: Celsius (oC) & Kelvin (K) Temperature is NOT Energy “Temperature (sometimes called thermodynamic temperature) is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a system. Adding heat to a system causes its temperature to rise.” August. 15, 2015 +142oF Manama, Bahrain oC? K? = 61.7oC = 61.7oC +273.15 = 334.85 K

  25. Temperature ScalesRelative to Water

  26. “Normal” Body Temperature

  27. QUESTION Dr. R. walks into class and claims, “It is very cold in here today. It feels like 242 K.” If that were the temperature, would you agree that you would feel cold? What would that be in Celsius degrees? I agree, that would be 31°C. I agree, that would be – 31°C. I do not agree, that would be 31°C. I do not agree, that would be 515°C.

  28. Answer Dr. R. walks into class and claims, “It is very cold in here today. It feels like 242 K.” If that were the temperature, would you agree that you would feel cold? What would that be in Celsius degrees? I agree, that would be 31°C. I agree, that would be – 31°C. I do not agree, that would be 31°C. I do not agree, that would be 515°C. The formula to use is K = °C + 273.15. Rearranged to yield K – 273.15 = °C.

  29. Temperature

  30. QUESTION Identify the best match between the dimension or quantity and the unit that is most likely to be measured in Chem 106 lab. Dimension or QuantityUnit A) Mass Kilogram B) Length Meter C) Volume Milliliter D) Temperature Fahrenheit E) Amount of substance Megamole

  31. Answer Identify the best match between the dimension or quantity and the unit that is most likely to be measured in Chem 106 lab. Dimension or QuantityUnit A) Mass Kilogram B) Length Meter C) Volume Milliliter D) Temperature Fahrenheit E) Amount of substance Megamole

  32. Numbers & MeasurementThe Importance of Units • Measurement - quantitative observation consisting of 2 parts • Part 1 - number • Part 2 – unit • Relates to the instrument (tool) used for the measurement.Examples: • 20.0grams • 6.63 joules / second • JOULE (J): • The heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 0.24 K; 1 J = 0.24 calories.[6] • The heat released as heat by a person at rest every 1/60 second (~17 ms); .[7] • The kinetic energy of a 50 kg (110 lb) human moving at 0.43 mi/hr). • The amount of electricity required to light a 1 watt LED for 1 s.

  33. Powers of Ten:Scale

  34. Mathematics & ArithmeticScientific Notation • Short Hand expression: Powers of Ten / Exponents of base Ten • Count decimal places: to right (+) and to the left (-) • Multiplication: add exponents • Division: subtract exponents 1,000,000,000 kg/m3 = 1 x 10 9 kg/m3 0.00000018 kg/cm3 = 1.8 x 10-7 kg/cm3

  35. Language describes scale (prefixes) Shorthand Prefixes Hella is a prefix associated with Northern California: UC Davis, UC Berkeley, LBL, LLNL & adopted by Google (2010) & Wolfram Alpha (2011) "hella-” = 10 27

  36. Commonly Used Prefixes in Chemistry

  37. QUESTION Select the correct relationship between these metric units of length or distance. A) 1 km = 100 m B) 1 mm = 10 cm C) 1 nm = 109 m D) 103 mm = 1 m

  38. Answer Select the correct relationship between these metric units of length or distance. A) 1 km = 100 m B) 1 mm = 10 cm C) 1 nm = 109 m D) 103 mm = 1 m

  39. QUESTION Coincidentally, a U.S. nickel has a mass of approximately 5 grams. If you had one dollar’s worth of nickels in your jean’s what would be the mass of the nickels in milligrams? 100 milligrams 50 milligrams 1,000 milligrams 100,000 milligrams 1000 milligrams (mg) = 1 gram (g)

  40. Answer Coincidentally, a U.S. nickel has a mass of approximately 5 grams. If you had one dollar’s worth of nickels in your jean’s what would be the mass of the nickels in milligrams? 100 milligrams 50 milligrams 1,000 milligrams 100,000 milligrams 20 nickels make up one dollar, then one dollar’s worth of nickels would have a mass of 5g x 20=100 grams. Next, the conversion between grams and milligrams is done by multiplying by 1,000 (because there are 1,000 milligrams per 1 gram.) Would the weight of the nickels pull your jean’s down off of your waist?

  41. Answer Coincidentally, a U.S. nickel has a mass of approximately 5 grams. If you had one dollar’s worth of nickels in your jean’s what would be the mass of the nickels in milligrams? 100 milligrams 50 milligrams 1,000 milligrams 100,000 milligrams 20 nickels make up one dollar, then one dollar’s worth of nickels would have a mass of 5g x 20=100 grams. Next, the conversion between grams and milligrams is done by multiplying by 1,000 (because there are 1,000 milligrams per 1 gram.) Would the weight of the nickels pull your jean’s down off of your waist? Likely not. 100g = 100g/454 g/lb equals 0.22lb ~ the weight of a quarter pounder

  42. QUESTION An array of multilayer mirrors compresses ultrabroadband laser pulses (orange beam). The attosecond x-ray pulses allow the real-time observation of atomic-scale electron motion. The previous spectroscopic method was on a femtosecond scale, which was too slow to capture the movement. How many times faster is attosecond spectroscopy compared to femtosecond methods? Science, 317, 765-775, (2007) “The Electron Stopwatch” A. 10x B. 100x C. 1,000x D. 1,000,000x

  43. QUESTION How many times faster is attosecond spectroscopy compared to femtosecond methods? Science, 317, 765-775, (2007) “The Electron Stopwatch” A. 10x B. 100x C. 1,000x D. 1,000,000x

  44. Answer How many times faster is attosecond spectroscopy compared to femtosecond methods? Science, 317, 765-775, (2007) “The Electron Stopwatch” 10-15 / 10-18 = femto / atto A. 10x B. 100x C. 1,000x D. 1,000,000x ~ “magnification”

  45. Scientific Notation &Significant Digits Scientific Notation: A single digit followed by a decimal and a power of ten. Examples: 2,345 mL and 0.002340 g 2,345 mL = 2.345 x 10 3mL 0.002340 g = 2.340x 10 -3g

  46. Numbers • Expressing a number correctly is determined by the method used in the measurement! • How many numbers should I include? Significant Digits (Figures) Consider: the exactness of the measured value • Short Hand expression translates the number: Scientific Notation

  47. What is the length of the rod? Different measurement tools give different numbers: Which ruler is better? ? cm 4.2 - 4.3cm ? cm 4.24 - 4.25cm

  48. Reporting NumbersRules for Significant Digits (Figures) • Nonzero integersalways count as significant figures. • 3456 g has how many sig figs? • 4 sig figs. • Expressed in scientific notation? 3.456 x 10 3g

  49. Reporting NumbersRules for Significant (Digits) Figures • Exact numbers (unit, conversion or scale factors) can have an infinite number of significant figures. • 1 liter = 1,000.ml, exactly • 1 inch = 2.54cm, exactly

  50. Zeros • Leading zeros do not count as significant figures. • 0.0486 mL has how many sig figs? • 3 sig figs. • Number expressed in scientific notation? 4.86 x 10 -2 mL

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