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Eradicating Tree of Heaven

Learn methods to control Tree of Heaven, a non-native invasive species, including manual, prescribed burning, grazing, biological control, and herbicide application. Follow safety guidelines for effective eradication.

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Eradicating Tree of Heaven

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  1. Eradicating Tree of Heaven Presented By: Ben Kunze, WV DOF

  2. General • Regionally known as “Shumac” • Differentiate from walnut or true sumacs by looking for gland at base of leaf, absence of segmented pith, and smooth margin

  3. General • Allelopathicthic compound ailanthone • Introduced in Philadelphia, PA in 1784 • Non-Native Invasive • 2 yr. stump sprouts can grow 6’ in 1 yr. • Produces abundant seeds that are widely dispersed (winged)

  4. Control Options • Manual/Mechanical • Prescribed Burning • Grazing • Biological Control • Herbicide

  5. Manual • Works best on young seedlings that can be hand-pulled or dug • Simply cutting the stems is not advisable • To be 100% effective, all root matter must be removed

  6. Prescribed Burning • Many limitations regionally • Thin bark trees (such as TOH) are more susceptible to fire mortality • Success dependent on correct fire intensity and timing • Many possible negative impacts

  7. Grazing • Not a preferred food but will be consumed by deer, cattle, and goats • Non selective—they will eat everything

  8. Biological Control • Work best on previously weakened trees • May affect native vegetation as well • Several fungal disease identified such as Verticulum Wilt

  9. Herbicides • Foliar Spraying • Basal Bark • Cut Stump • Injection or “Hack-and-Squirt”

  10. Herbicide Safety • Thoroughly read the label and follow completely • Wear long sleeves, gloves, and any PPE required by the label • Keep mixing space organized • Label--date, mix, concentration • Be conscious of wind, splashing, or potential spills

  11. Foliar Spraying • Best when you can reach all foliage • Apply between June and September • Use 2% solution of Glyphosate • Surfactant needed • Wet foliage just to the point of runoff during rain free periods • Always mix with clean water • Minimum spray pressure reduces drift

  12. Basal Bark • Most applicable for stems less than 6” diameter • Completely spray stem from 12-15” above ground line down • Use an Oil Carrier (fuel oil) • Apply any time the stems are dry

  13. Cut-Stump • 50-100% glyphosate product in a water carrier • Treat immediately after cutting whenever possible • Spray outer 2” of cut surface • June 1st to Nov 1st • Commonly used on small diameter stems— “Cut Stub”

  14. Stem Injection • Hack-and-Squirt • Approximately 1 incision per inch diameter, evenly spaced • Leave 1” between hacks • 1.5 ml. of solution per hack • Use a 50% Solution of glyphosate

  15. Follow-Up • Unfortunately, may times there is still small amounts stump sprouts or root suckers • Easily controlled w/ foliar or “Cut-Stub” early on • Exasperated by improper initial application or poor timing

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