Age of Revolution: From Neoclassicism to Romanticism and The New Realism Mrs. Harvey

1. Age of Revolution: From Neoclassicism to Romanticism and The New Realism Mrs. Harvey 772 Humanities John Singleton Copley, Thomas Mifflin and Sarah Morris (Mr. and Mrs. Mifflin), 1773. 61 5/8" x 48”.

2. Age of Reason Cultural historians all the 18th century the __________________________________________________. _______________________ became the touchstone for evaluating art and architecture. _________________, which was thought to embody reason, was invoked to corroborate __________________________________________________________________ from political to architectural designs.

3. Eighteenth-Century Europe and North America

4. American Revolution: New Legislation In the mid-18th Century, British colonists in North America seemed content with ___________________________________, but in the mid-1760s things started to change Trying to recover ____________________________ from the French and Indian War (1754-1763) and the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), the British passed a series of new taxes on the colonies ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________

5. American Revolution: Colonial Response The colonists responded with demands of __________________________________ boycotted ____________________________, attacked British officials, and staged ______________________________________ In 1774, they organized the ________________________________ which coordinated the colonies’ resistance to __________________________________

6. American Revolution: Declaration of Independence Governments derive their ____________________________________ from ________________________________ When any government infringes upon _______________________________, “it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it, and to institute new Government” Declared the colonies to be ____________________________________________________________________________

7. French Revolution: Ancien Regime The Americans sought _________________________________ from British imperial rule, but they kept _________________________ and much of the British ___________________________ On the other hand, French _____________________ sought to replace the _____________________________ with new __________________________________________________________________________

8. French Revolution: Estates General In _____________________, in an effort to ___________________, King ____________________ convened the ___________________________, an assembly representing the entire ______________________________ through ________________ groups known as _______________________________

9. French Revolution: Estates General The first estate was about ___________________________________________________________________ The second estate was about ___________________________________________________________________________ The third estate was about _______________________________________________________________________ In spite of these ________________________________________________________________, each estate had _____ vote

10. French Revolution: Estates General The ___________________ estate demanded sweeping political and social reform, but the other ________________ estates ________________________ On June ______________________, the ______________ estate _______________ from the _______________________ and declared itself the ______________________________________

11. French Revolution: National Assembly The National Assembly vowed not to ______________________________________________________________________________________ This assertion of popular sovereignty spread to Paris and on ___________________ a crowd stormed the _______________________ to seize weapons and ammunition The garrison ____________________________ in the wake of great bloodshed The attackers severed the commander’s head and paraded it through the streets on a pike ____________________________ spread throughout France

12. French Revolution: Declaration In ______________________, the ___________________________ issued the ____________________________________________________________________________ Obviously influenced by the American Revolution and the Declaration of Independence Proclaimed the ______________________ of all men, declared that _____________________________________________, and asserted individual ______________________________________________________________________________________

13. The Convention Alarmed by the ________________________________________ of ___________________________ authority, the rulers of Austria and Prussia invaded France to support the king and restore the ________________________________________ The revolutionaries responded by establishing the _____________________, a new legislative body elected by ____________________________ The Convention abolished the ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

14. The Convention Drafted ________________ and _____________________ for use in the war through the ____________________________ (universal conscription) A move toward total war Used the ____________________ to execute enemies to include __________________________________ and ___________________________________________ in 1793 for ________________________

15. Maximilian Robespierre (1758-1794) Led the radical ____________________ party which believed France needed complete _______________________and used a campaign of _____________________ to promote their agenda Dominated the _______________________from _______________________

16. Robespierre and the Jacobins Sought to eliminate the influence of _____________________________________ Closed churches Forced priests to take wives Promoted a new “cult of reason” as a secular alternative Devised a new calendar which recognized no day of religious observance Between the summers of ________________________________, the _________________________ executed 40,000 people and imprisoned 300,000—known as _______________________________________!

17. Napoleon (1769-1821) In ______________, he returned to France and joined the Directory, but when Austria, Russia, and Britain formed a coalition to attack France and end the Revolution, Napoleon staged a ____________________________ He overthrew the ___________________________, imposed a ______________________________________, and named himself _____________________________ In 1802, he became consul for ________________ and in 1804 crowned himself ________________________ and dreamed that he might lead a new ________________________ empire—a ______________________________empire—modeled after _____________________.

18. Neoclassicism and Romanticism The period between the middle of the ____________________ and the middle of the _______________________ century in ____________________, and its cultural extension in ______________, is characterized by a marked increase in stylistic variety in the visual arts—principally 2 _____________________, ___________________________________________________________________________.

19. Neoclassicism Characteristics • ____________________________ is characterized by stylistic sources in ancient ____________________________, by _______________________________ in architecture, and by general emphasis on what were perceived to be ________________ and ________________________ of expressions that often manifested themselves in subjects highlighting _________________________________________________________________________________.

20. Romanticism Characteristics • Romanticism was an _____________________________ approach to art, centering it in the _________________________________ of artists and their attempts to ________________________________________________. • Personally ____________________ and _____________________________ felt!

21. England and North America

22. Portraiture • During the 18th century, British patrons preferred pictures of _______________________________ to grand scenes of classical or religious history, and ________________________________ (1727-1788) grew into one of England's greatest ________________________________ by catering to the tastes of the rich and famous. • Essentially this work is about the _______________________________________________ with the estates that signaled their __________________________ and provided their _______________________________________________.

23. Thomas Gainsborough, Robert Andrews and Frances Carter (Mr. and Mrs. Andrews), c. 1748–1750.27 1/2” x 47”.

24. Details • The landscape evokes Robert Andrews's estate, to which his marriage added property. He has a gun under his arm, while his wife sits on an elaborate wooden bench. The painting of Mrs. Andrews's lap is unfinished. The space may have been reserved for a child for Mrs. Andrews to hold.

25. John Singleton Copley, Thomas Mifflin and Sarah Morris (Mr. and Mrs. Mifflin), 1773.61 5/8" x 48”. • In Colonial America, self-taught portraitist _______________________________________ (1738-1815) developed into what one art historian has called ____________________________________________________ • Sharp contrasts with Gainsborough’s Mr. and Mrs. Andrews—Copley seems to capture something significant here about the nature of the Colonial American experience, soon to ignite in revolution.

26. Details • Sarah Morris, who married Thomas in 1767, was an accomplished, witty, and supportive partner. In the portrait, Sarah is weaving a decorative fringe on a portable loom, which may symbolize the couple's endorsement of the colonists' boycott of English goods. • Here, Copley depicts not only the features and costumes of his sitters with his famed skill, but creates an image of marriage as an affectionate, equal partnership--an innovative concept in American portraiture at the time.

27. What cultural interests and ideals are reflected in these two portraits?

28. Neoclassical Architecture • While Rococo remained popular on the continent, a group of British _____________________________ and wealthy amateurs took a stance against ______________________________________________________________________. They advocated a return to the _________________ and _______________ they saw in the architecture of _______________________________, traveling to Italy to see it and then returning to home to build magnificent ______________________________ villas set in ______________________ on country estates.

29. Robert Adam, Anteroom, Syon House, 1760–1769.

30. Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, 1769–1782, 1796–1809.

31. Design Considerations • An especially innovative British _________________________ designer was the Scottish architect _________________________ (1728-1792). When he made the Grand Tour in 1754-1758, Adam largely ignored the great Roman civic architecture and focused instead on __________________________________________________ • Monticello • Neoclassicism continued as the dominant architectural style in the __________________________ during the _______________________ (1783-1830) that followed the colonies' victory in their War of Independence. _________________________ (1743-1826), and enthusiastic amateur architect, had in the 1770s designed his Virginia residence, ______________________, in a style influenced by ancient Roman architecture and British ________________ villas.

32. Thomas Jefferson. State Capitol, Virginia. 1785-89.

33. France

34. Neoclassicism David • In the 1770s, French ________________ painter ____________________________________ (1748-1825) developed a truly ______________________ style in painting that had come to stand as ________________ representatives of this artistic movement. • In 1774, David had won a scholarship from the French Academy’s art school to study in Rome. During 6 years in Rome, he studied the art of __________________________________ and above all, ancient __________________________________________

35. Jacques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii, 1784–1785.10' 8 3/8" x 14’. Oath

36. Details David chose the idea of the oath (it is not mentioned in the historical accounts), transforming the event into a solemn act that bound the wills of different individuals in a single, creative gesture. David’s Oath became an emblem of the French Revolution of 1789! The work became the principal model for noble and heroic historical painting of the next two decades. It also launched David's personal popularity and awarded him the right to take on his own students.

37. Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon Crossing the Saint-Bernard,1800–1801. 8' 11" x 7' 7”. Famously, _____________________ offered _________________ little support in executing the painting. Refusing to sit for it, he argued that: “Nobody knows if the portraits of the great men resemble them, it is enough that their genius lives there.”

38. Romanticism • By the 1820s, the new _________________ style offered an alternative to ________________________ Neoclassicism. David himself had been __________________ to Belgium in 1816, where he died in 1825. In pursuing the stylistic alternative that _______________________ offered, the boundaries between _________________________ and Romanticism ______________________________. • Artists intended to stir ________________________________ with their __________________________ presentations.

39. ThéodoreGéricault, The Raft of the “Medusa,” 1818–1819.16' 1" x 23' 6”. Raft Géricault's work expressed a paradox: how could a hideous subject be translated into a powerful painting, how could the painter reconcile art and reality?

40. The Raft of the Medusa—a major work in French 19th-century painting—is generally regarded as an icon of Romanticism. It depicts an event whose human and political aspects greatly interested Géricault: the wreck of a French frigate off the coast of Senegal in 1816, with over 150 soldiers on board. The painter researched the story in detail and made numerous sketches before deciding on his definitive composition, which illustrates the hope of rescue.

41. Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People: July 28, 1830, 1830.8' 6 1/2" x 10' 8”.

42. The allegory of Liberty is personified by a young woman of the people. Vibrant, fiery, rebellious, and victorious, she evokes the Revolution of 1789. In her raised right hand is the red, white, and blue flag, a symbol of struggle that unfurls toward the light like a flame.

43. Spain ___________________________________________ (1746–1828) is regarded as the most important Spanish artist of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The enlightened monarchy of Charles IV came to an end when ____________________________ armies invaded Spain in 1808. The brutal incursion culminated in ___________________________ and the installation of Napoleon's brother, _________________________________________, on the Spanish throne. The Bourbon monarchy was ______________________ with Napoleon's fall in 1814. But the new king, ________________________, son of Charles IV, did not share the _____________________________ of his predecessor. Not long afterward, he launched a ____________________________. Questioned about his loyalty to the occupiers, Goya demonstrated his allegiance by commemorating Spain's uprising against the French regime in two paintings: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

44. Francisco Goya, Third of May, 1808, 1814–1815.8' 9" x 13' 4”.

45. Romantic Landscape Painting in England and America ____________________________ in England flourished in_________________ painting. It took 2 forms—_______________________________________. The ___________________________ style entailed closely observed representations of _____________________________, meant to communicate __________________________________________________ and to counteract the effects of ______________________ and _________________ that were rapidly transforming it. In contrast, __________________ landscape painting emphasized _____________________________, often shaken by natural disasters, and aimed to stir _____________________________ and arouse a feeling of the __________________________.

46. John Constable, The White Horse, 1819.4' 3 3/4" x 6' 2 1/8”.

47. Sublime __________________________ is an aesthetic category outlined by the British writer Edmund Burke in an essay of 1756 that strongly influenced ____________________________. According to Burke, when we witness something that __________________________________, or when we stand _________________________________________________________, our feelings will _____________________________ those we encounter in ___________________ life. The awe-inspiring aspect of _______________________________, uncontrollable by mere humans, evokes the __________________________________________ of God!

48. Joseph Mallord William Turner, Snowstorm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps, 1812.4' 9" x 7’ 9”. Turner Film

49. American Romantic Painting Thomas Cole Thomas Cole, The Oxbow, 1836. 51 1/2" x 76”.

50. German Romantic Painting _____________________________________ (September 5, 1774 - May 7, 1840) was a ____________________ painter of the ___________________________ German _____________________________ movement, of which he is now considered the most important painter. His primary interest as an artist was the _____________________________________, and his often _________________________ and _______________________________work seeks to convey the ________________________________ experiences of life.