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Chapter 11, Section 3 The War at Home

Chapter 11, Section 3 The War at Home. Objectives: 1.Explain how business and government cooperated during the war. 2.Show how the government promoted the war. 3.Describe the attacks on civil liberties that occurred.

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Chapter 11, Section 3 The War at Home

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  1. Chapter 11, Section 3The War at Home • Objectives: • 1.Explain how business and government cooperated during the war. • 2.Show how the government promoted the war. • 3.Describe the attacks on civil liberties that occurred. • 4.Summarize the social changes that affected African Americans and women.

  2. How did the power of the government expand? • Convert economy… • Business and government collaborated • Congress gave Wilson direct control over much of the economy • Fix prices • Regulate war related industries

  3. Over Here • Organizing the Economy • War industries Board (WIB) • Bernard M. Baruch (Wall Street speculator) • Conversion of industrial plants to wartime needs • Manufacture of war materials • Purchase of supplies for the US and the Allies

  4. What was the function of the War Industries Board? • Increase production…. • Reduce waste…. • Set production quotas…. • Allocate raw materials….. • Bernard Baruch

  5. What was the function of the Fuel Administration? • Monitored coal supplies • Rationed gasoline and heating oil • Gasless Sundays • Lightless nights • Daylight savings time

  6. The Business of War • Corporate profits nearly triple • Larger businesses do even better • Du Pont quadrupled profits • Farm production increases 20-30% • Economic legacy of corporate and government cooperation • Entire industries and economic sectors are organized, regulated, and subsidized

  7. Labor and the War • Labor shortage causes government to recognize labor unions • Higher wages and a better standard of living resulted • Unions become a junior partner in mobilizing the economy • President of the AFL Samuel Gompers • Skilled white males • Building trades, railroads, and miners

  8. Samuel Gompers and “business unionism” • President of the AFL • Skilled, white males • Collective bargaining… • Concrete gains – bread and butter issues • Served on the National War Labor Board

  9. How did the National War Labor Board prevent labor discord? • Wm. Howard Taft and Frank Walsh • 1917 – wages had not kept up with inflation – thousands of strikes • Worked to prevent work interruption • Interventions.. • Higher wages • Shorter hours • Overtime • 8 hr day

  10. Labor and the War • Gompers and the AFL’s patriotic support of the war • National War Labor Board (NWLB) • Arbitrated labor disputes to avoid work stoppages • Right of workers to unionize • Resulted in improved wages and the 8-hour work day

  11. Labor and the War • Union membership rises • NWLB establishes the practice of government intervening on behalf of labor • Labor shortages in the SW ease immigration restrictions on Mexican workers • Early example of the growing importance of cheap Mexican labor to the region’s economy

  12. What was the function of the Food Administration? Encourage greater food production Reduce consumption Voluntary Meatless days Wheatless days Porkless days Sweetless days Herbert Hoover

  13. How did the government finance the war? • US spent $33 billion • 1/3 taxes • Progressive income tax • War profits tax • Excise tax • Liberty Bonds – $23 billion • Reserve banks expanded $ supply • Debt $1 billion  $20 billion

  14. Over Here • Food Administration (FA) • Herbert Hoover • Imposed price controls • Raised prices on grain to increase production • No rationing of food • Persuasion • High prices • Voluntary controls • “Hooverizing” – food conservation • “meatless Tuesdays” • “Food will win the war”

  15. “Hooverizing”

  16. How were the hearts and minds of the American people mobilized? • Committee on Public Information • George Creel • Goal: promote the war • 100 million pieces of literature explaining the causes and meaning of the war • Posters, slides, newspaper advertising, films • 75,000 “Four Minute Men”

  17. Selling the War • Creel’s 3 themes: • America is morally unified • Crusade for peace & freedom • Hatred of all things German • Consequences: • Abandonment of Old World ties and become “unhyphenated Americans” • Attacks on German Americans, radicals, and peace activists

  18. Financing the War • Cost $33 billion • Three ways: • Income taxes • replace excise and customs levies • Increase the number of Americans paying income tax • Liberty Bonds • Raises $23 billion • Federal Reserve • Expanded money supply with easy borrowing • National debt grows from $1 billion to $20 billion

  19. Support for Liberty Bonds • Sec. of the Treasury William McAdoo • Liberty Bond Booths were set up by the Boy/Girl Scouts

  20. WW I Liberty Bond

  21. Liberty Bonds • There were four issues of Liberty Bonds: • Apr 24, 1917 Emergency Loan Act authorizes issue of $5 billion in bonds at 3.5 percent. • Oct 1, 1917 Second Liberty Loan offers $3 billion in bonds at 4 percent. • Apr 5, 1918 Third Liberty Loan offers $3 billion in bonds at 4.5 percent. • Sep 28, 1918 Fourth Liberty Loan offers $6 billion in bonds at 4.25 percent. • Interest on up to $30,000 in the bonds was tax exempt.

  22. Four Minute Men Douglas Fairbanks, movie star, speaking to a large crowd in front of the Sub-Treasury building, New York City, to aid the third Liberty Loan, in April 1918

  23. What is a consequence of propaganda? • Anti-German hysteria • German music and literature banned • German language not taught • Harassment of German Americans • Name changes: Sauerkraut – liberty cabbage, German measles – liberty measles, Dachshund – liberty puppy, hamburger – liberty sandwich, frankfurter – hot dog

  24. Labor Strife • 1919 more than 4 million workers conduct 3,600 strikes • Causes: • Modest wage increases wiped away by inflation and high prices for food, fuel, and housing • End of government control on industry, allowed many employers to withdraw their recognition of unions • Continuation of 12-hour day • Demobilized servicemen

  25. Labor Strife • Seattle shipyard strike ends with federal troops occupying the city. • Boston police strike ends when Gov. Calvin Coolidge calls in the Nat’l Guard and fires the entire force. • Midwestern steelworker strike fails when Elbert Gary uses black strikebreakers, armed guards, and propaganda.

  26. Eugene Debs • Gave speech defending anti-war protesters • Sentenced to 10 years • Ran for Pres. From jail • Served 32 months • Pardoned by Harding in 1921

  27. Labor and the War • Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) or Wobblies • Organized unskilled labor • Denounced capitalism • Opposed entry into the war • Espionage Act crackdown on radical labor movement marks the beginning of political repression

  28. Industrial Workers of the World • Radical union • Organized unskilled labor – all inclusive • Denounced capitalism • Opposed US entry into war as a “capitalist war” • Became a target of business and gov’t • Espionage Act • 300 arrested • Files confiscated • End of radical labor movement • Beginning of repression

  29. How did the Espionage Act control dissent? • Key tool for suppression of anti-war sentiment • Outlawed: aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment, causing insubordination in the armed forces • Penalties… • Exclude treasonous material from the mails • Bureau of Investigation….

  30. The Espionage Act • Espionage Act of 1917 attacks antiwar sentiments • 20 yrs in prison & $10,000 fine • Aid to the enemy, obstruction of recruitment, or causing insubordination • Postal service stops treasonous newspapers & magazines • Enforcement leads to the creation of the FBI

  31. The Sedition Act • Amendment to Espionage Act added in 1918 outlaws: • “any disloyal, profane (contempt), scurrilous (vulgar), or abusive language intended to cause contempt, scorn, contumely (rudeness), or disrepute” to the government, Constitution, or flag. • 21,000 cases combined aimed at socialists, radical labor, & pacifists • Eugene Debs 10yrs (serves 32 mo.)

  32. How did the Sedition Act control dissent? • Outlawed any “disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive language intended to cause contempt, scorn, contumely, or disrepute” to the government, Constitution, or flag • More than 2,000 cases • Controlled socialists, pacifists, radical labor

  33. Suppression of Dissent • Schenck v. United States • Justice Holmes, restriction of speech is Constitutional when it “creates a clear and present danger.” • Debs v. United States • Affirmed guilt • Abrams v. United States • Convicts 4 Russian immigrants denouncing US intervention in the Russian Revolution

  34. Were these acts constitutional? • Schenck v. U.S. 1919 • Congress could restrict free speech if the words “are used in such circumstances and are of such nature as to create a clear and present danger. “ Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes • Upheld Schenck’s conviction for obstructing the draft

  35. How did the Great Migration increase racial tensions? • 300,000 to 500,000 African Americans moved to northern cities • Labor shortages in the North • Better economic opportunity • Less racial violence

  36. Economic Opportunity • Between 1914-1920 some 300,000 to 500,000 leave rural South for the North • Labor shortages • Few receive high-paying skilled positions • Most are construction laborers, teamsters, janitors, or porters

  37. Racial Violence • Chicago 1919 • Lake Michigan beach • Lasted 2 weeks • 23 African Americans were killed • 15 whites died • +500 injured • Faithful support of the war beforehand • Disillusionment and a new militant spirit grows quickly • NAACP leads fight against bigotry and injustice

  38. Racial Violence • Lynching in the South • Not limited to the South • Two of the worst race riots in US history occur in the North: • East St. Louis, Illinois 1917 • Unions refuse to accept blacks • Owners using black labor against Union demands • 200 African Americans killed

  39. Black disillusionment • Heightened sense of race consciousness and activism • NAACP – national conference on lynching – sought federal legislation against

  40. Race Riots • East St. Louis – 1917 • Whites attacked blacks • 200 blacks killed • Black labor had been recruited to keep union demands down • Chicago – 1919 • White gangs hunted African Americans • 2 weeks • 23 African Americans killed – 15 whites

  41. Women at Work • Opportunity for higher-paying industrial jobs • Women in Industry Service (WIS) is created • Est. general standards for treatment • Improving working conditions • Pay continues to suffer and is ½ of men’s in the same industries • Lose industry jobs after the war • 1920, working more white-collar occupations than manufacturing or domestic service

  42. What new opportunities did the war offer women? • Women moved into jobs previously held by men… • Continued traditional jobs …. • Red cross volunteers • Bolstered support for women’s suffrage amendment • 19th Amendment - 1920

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