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Federal Initiatives in the Environmental Decade: 1970s. Environmental Protection Act 1970 Creates Environmental Protection Agency Gave it the authority to regulate the nation’s air and water quality
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Federal Initiatives in the Environmental Decade: 1970s • Environmental Protection Act 1970 • Creates Environmental Protection Agency • Gave it the authority to regulate the nation’s air and water quality • Requires federal agencies or governments receiving federal aid to prepare an analysis of the effects of any development—known as environmental impact statements (EIS)
Early Federal Leadership inCleaning Up the Air • Clean Air Act of 1970 • EPA charged with setting air quality standards nationwide • States required to prepare implementation plans for EPA’s approval • Required automobile manufactures to reduce air emissions by 90 percent • EPA charged with establishing emission standards for power plants • In 1977, Congress amended the act to both expand the EPA’s authority and to extend compliance deadlines
Early Federal Leadership in Improving Water Quality • Before 1972, at least 18,000 communities regularly dumped their untreated raw sewage into nearby rivers and lakes • Industries discharged 25 trillion gallons of waste each year • Before mid-1960s, Congress played marginal role in water quality other than aiding local governments in building sewage plants
Early Federal Leadership in Improving Water Quality(continued) Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 • Required local governments to install secondary sewage treatment facilities by 1977 • Authorized 3:1 federal aid to help pay for them • Authorized EPA to regulate water quality nationwide • 1977 amendments authorized federal aid for sewage treatment plant construction and extended compliance deadlines
Early Federal Leadership in Improving Water Quality(continued) • Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 • Directed EPA to set maximum allowable levels for chemicals and bacteriological pollutants in local water systems
Reagan’s Redirection of Environmental Regulation • Reagan questioned the value of the investments previous presidents had made in federal environmental regulation • Reagan’s EPA director hired attorneys and lobbyists from industries regulated by the EPA • EPA employment dropped about 24 percent, reducing its ability to enforce regulations • Within two years, EPA budget cut by 30 percent • In 1981, EPA lawsuits filed against industries fell from 250 to 78 • However, a veto of 1986 amendments to the Clean Air Act was overridden
Bush and Clinton: More Environmentally Friendly Administrations • Clean Air Acts of 1990 • Gave states time limits within which to bring areas into compliance • Placed new controls on a wider range of emission sources than before, including • Gas stations, body shops, paint manufacturers, industrial-size bakeries, etc.
Clinton Administration ToughensCompliance Standards • In 1997, the EPA announced new standards for air quality • Ozone emissions lowered from 0.12 to 0.08 parts per million • Particulate matter was lowered from 10 microns in diameter to 2.5 • Metropolitan areas have till 2004 to meet the ozone standard and until 2005 for particulate matter • Opponents fought • Many industries, League of Cities, and National Association of Counties • Only the threat of a presidential veto kept the regulations from being changed by Congress
Clinton Administration Toughens Compliance Standards (continued) • In 1999, Clinton announced that light trucks and sport utility vehicles (SUVs) would also be subject to tailpipe emission standards—took effect in 2004
George W. Bush Expanded Market-Based Incentives • Bush proposed the “Clear Skies” plan • Place higher caps on nitrogen oxides starting in 2008 and on sulfur dioxide in 2010 • Place a new cap on mercury emissions
State’s Prominence in Environmental Protection • Although EPA has lead out in environmental protection, states have played a significant role in administering federal policies • Congressional legislation provides for delegation to the states • EPA has delegated oversight of three-fourths of its programs to the states • As a result, states are the primary enforcers of federal environmental laws • States issue about 90 percent of pollution permits and take 75 percent of enforcement action • States gather over 90 percent of all data on air and water quality • States often impose standards tougher than the federal government’s minimum standards—California a leader
Efforts in Promoting Economic Development (continued) • Supply-side incentives • Policy tools used to stimulate economic development such as • Recruitment • Tax abatements • Loans • Physical infrastructure • Relaxing regulations