Chapter 5: Prenatal Care

1. Chapter 5: Prenatal Care Children the Early Years by Celia Anita Decker

2. Objectives Some of the things the students will learn from this chapter is • (a) the early signs of pregnancy; • (b) the role of the environment on prenatal development; (c) the relationship between the health of the mother and the heal of the baby; and • (c) how diseases, drugs, radiation, environmental pollutants, and congenital problems can harm the fetus.

3. This is a review for the chapter. • http://quizlet.com/7150885/prenatal-care-flash-cards/

4. Vocabulary Obstetricians: doctors who specialize in pregnancy and birth. Premature: term that describes babies who are born too soon. Low birth weight: babies who weigh less than 5 ½ pounds at birth. Diabetes: disorder caused by the body’s inability to use sugar properly.

5. Sexually Transmitted Infections: infectious illnesses that are passed primarily through sexual intercourse. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): disease caused by the HIV virus, attack the immune system. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): condition in infants that occurs when mothers drink heavily during pregnancy.

6. Ultrasound: prenatal test in which sound waves bounce off the fetus to produce an image of the fetus inside the womb.

7. Amniocentesis: prenatal test in which a needle is inserted through the woman’s stomach into the amniotic sac and a sample of the fluid is removed for cell study. Labor: process that moves the baby out of mothers’ body. Certified Nurse Midwife: nurse who have special training in delivering babies during normal pregnancies.

8. Environmental factors: those factors caused by a person’s surroundings. • Rh factor: a protein substance found in the red blood cells of about 85% of the population. • Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (PIH): the name of high blood pressure caused by pregnancy.

9. Pre-term birth: the delivery that occurs before 37 weeks of pregnancy. • Chorionic villus sampling (CVS): the procedure for finding abnormalities in the unborn.

10. Introduction • Proper prenatal care is VERY important to all mothers-to-be, because the prenatal period last 280 days. 10

11. SIGNS OF PREGNANCY

12. Presumptive Signs Pregnancy is a normal process. Menstruation stops Nausea Tiredness Frequent urination Swelling & tender breast Skin discoloration Backache, groin pain, dizziness, etc.

13. SIGNS OF PREGNANCYPositive Signs HCG…hormone found in blood & urine of pregnant woman. First 2 weeks of pregnancy. Fetal heartbeat...use a special device about 12-16wks. Fetal movement...begins at 11wks. Fetal image…seen with ultrasound. Uterine contractions…painless contractions.

14. Medical Care The First Appointment The first appointment sets a foundation for medical care throughout pregnancy, both parents should go to the first visit. Doctor visits: once a month for the 1st six months. twice a month during the 7th & 8th months once a week during the 9th month The doctor will: a. Gather information (age & parent health history) b. Menstrual Cycle information c. Physical exam for the mom (weigh, blood pressure, pulse & respiration rates). Check her breast & perform a pelvic exam. Measure her pelvis to see if it’s large enough for the baby’s head to come through. Urine & blood test completed. Check for anemia, blood sugar, etc. D. Discuss health habits. E. Give the expected due date. F. Set date for next appointment.

15. The Unborn Baby’s Environment

16. Immediately after conception, the environment begins to exert and influence on the unborn baby. The prenatal environment is mom’s body. The mom’s age, weight, health habits, and hazards she encounter are environmental factors that affect the baby.

17. Factors that Affect the Baby’s Health

18. Mothers Age a. Best age for women is 21-28 b. Teens & women over 36 are high risk mom’s to be c. Teens are still developing; there bodies can’t always meet the needs. d. Very young teen tend to have low-birth or premature babies, have disabilities or born dead. e. Women over 36 tend to have babies with health problems.

19. Mother’s Physical Health Women who are healthy b/4 pregnancy tend to have healthy babies. Those with poor health tend to have unhealthy babies. Tests can be done to determine the health of the babies. You can have problems if you are over or under weight.

20. Overweight mom’s to be may experience: fatigue, high blood pressure, heart strain, and blood sugar problems. Women with good eating habits & engage in physical activity are more likely to have healthy pregnancy. Less active mom’s may face more problems.

21. Mom’s Emotional Health Positive thoughts & feelings are important for pregnant women. Negative feelings can stimulate the nervous system & the flow of adrenaline. When a mom is happy & relaxed, her adrenaline level is low, her heartbeat & breathing are slow and relaxed muscles.

22. Discussion What types of emotional support would a pregnant woman find most helpful? Least helpful?

23. Health Habits During Pregnancy

24. When a woman is pregnant, health habits have an even greater effect on her health and her baby’s health. • A pregnant woman may have to eat more of some foods.(take vitamins, physical activities, sports).

25. Food Guide Pyramid

26. Nutrition • During the first week, the baby is fed entirely on the contents of the ovum’s yolk sac. • After embedding, the fertilized egg feeds on mucous tissues that line the womb. By the twelfth week, the baby completely depends on the mother for food.

27. Scientists now feel a woman needs essential nutrients throughout her life to prepare for pregnancy. • Good nutrition before pregnancy builds nutrient stores in her body that will help meet these needs. Pregnant teens under 17 years of age have more nutritional problems because they are still growing. • Their bodies have not had time to build these stores.

28. A nutritious diet is essential. • Cells need proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins to help them grow. • Diets for pregnant and nursing mothers provide more calcium, iron, folic acid, and protein than diets for nonpregnant women.

29. Folic acid is a B-vitamin that can be found in most enriched breads, pastas, rice, and cereals, as well as multivitamins. • Pregnant women need 600micrograms of folic acid daily.

30. Folic acid prevents birth defects of the baby’s brain (anencephaly) and spine (spina bifida). • Pregnant women need 8oz glasses of water daily. Caffeine should be limited (coffee, tea, soft drinks & chocolate).

31. Class Discussion • Food Replicas, plan a meal

32. Class Discussion • Log on to www.Mypyramid.gov to review the USDA food guidance system. • Each student will enter their age, gender, and activity level for their individualized eating plans.

33. Experts suggest women gain 25-35 lbs and more for multiples (40-45 lbs). The exact amount depend on the weight & height of the mom. Need 300 extra calories per day. Dr’s watch how much weight is gained and unusual swelling. Weight Gain

34. Continue normal grooming and body care. Have dental checkups. Avoid very cold or hot baths & hot tubs. Wear comfortable clothes wit low-heled shoes. Last 4-6wks take showers. Hygiene Practices

35. 8-9 hours of sleep a night. 15-30 minutes rest during the day, not necessarily sleep. NEVER take drugs unless prescribed by the doctor. Rest & Sleep

36. Unless advised by the doctor to limit physical activity, a pregnant woman can and should be active. Activity keep weight w/i normal limits, strengthens muscles women use in delivery, increases energy, and relieves tension. Physical Activity & Exercise

37. Dr’s may advise women to avoid: • Avoid contact sports. • Activities that jolt the pelvic region. • Activities that could result in falls. • Walking is good Dr’s may advise women to do: • Walking • Conditioning exercise to relieve back and leg strain of later pregnancy.

38. Health Hazards to Avoid

39. Many health problems in the unborn can be prevented if the mother protects herself before and during pregnancy. Most disabilities are caused by environmental factors.

40. Diseases or Illnesses in the Mother • DIABETES A disorder caused by the body’s inability to use sugar properly. In diabetes, the body inadequately produces or uses the hormone insulin.

41. PREGNANCY-INDUCED HYPERTENSION (PIH) The name of high blood pressure caused by pregnancy. Also known as preeclampsia or toxemia. Includes a sudden increase in blood pressure, protein in the urine, and swelling. Cause unknown, affects 8% of all pregnancies.

42. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STI’s) Infections passed primarily through sexual intercourse. Also known as sexually transmitted diseases. Sometime you are affected but don’t have the signs.

43. Drugs • This refers to medications, alcohol, nicotine (from cigarettes), and illegal drugs.

44. MEDICATIONS A pregnant worm should not take any medication without consulting her doctor. This includes prescriptions, over the counter, dietary supplements and herbal products.

45. Alcohol Dr’s advise women NEVER to drink alcohol during pregnancy. That includes beer, wine, or hard liquor, they can harm an unborn child. Almost 40,000 babies are born with damage from alcohol. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): condition in infants that occurs when mothers drink heavily during pregnancy.

46. Nicotine Babies of smokers are usually smaller than average or premater. While the mom is smoking the baby’s oxygen is greatly reduced. Studies show that cleft lip/palate risks are increased with mom smoke. Smoking can cause a baby’s brain to develop abnormally. This can lead to learning problems, hyperactivity, and poor attention spans. Ear infections and breathing problems are also more common.

47. ILLEGAL DRUGS If a woman is addicted to drugs, chances are her baby is too. Low-birth weight and premature babies are often born to women who use drugs. Babies go through withdrawals. These babies have a slim chance of living a healthy life.

48. STD’s & Their Effects on the Unborn/Newborn • Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)…are illnesses or infections that are spread through sexual contact. Some are gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydia, papilloma and AIDS.

49. Syphilis… very serious that can be passed to the fetus. The law requires that all pregnant women be tested for syphilis during their first prenatal visit. Can cause deformities or death of the fetus. If treated b/4 the 16th wk the effects are prevented. Untreated infections causes deafness, brain damage, skin lesions, bone and facial deformities and fetal death.

50. Chlamydia…caused by the bacteria chlamydiatrachomatis. Can enter the infant’s eyes during birth and usually causes an eye infections known as conjunctivitis or pink-eye. Usually appear during the second week after birth. Can be treated with an antibiotic and no damaging, long-term effects will occur. • Papilloma…is more commonly known as venereal warts. Caused by a virus and are highly contagious through sexual contact. No adverse effects on the infant.