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Warm Up:

Warm Up:. Do you think that homosexual people should have the right to marry?. Chapter 18 . Section 1. Civil Rights Movement Prior to 1954. NAACP Legal Defense Fund created (1940) - Thurgood Marshall - the legal arm of the civil rights movement

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Warm Up:

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  1. Warm Up: Do you think that homosexual people should have the right to marry?

  2. Chapter 18 Section 1

  3. Civil Rights Movement Prior to 1954 • NAACP Legal Defense Fund created (1940) - Thurgood Marshall - the legal arm of the civil rights movement • Ban against discrimination in defense industries (1941) • Founding of Congress of Racial Equality (1942) - Dedicated to nonviolent protest • Integration of baseball by Jackie Robinson (1947) • Executive Order 9981 (1948) - Desegregated the armed forces

  4. Brown vs. Board of Education 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education 1954 • Ruled that schools could no longer be segregated • Violated constitutional guarantee of equal protection under the law • Overturned Plessy Vs. Ferguson (1896)

  5. Watch Eyes on The Prize Episode 1

  6. Warm Up: What problems existed with the Supreme Court ruling Brown vs. Board of Education? How were these problems overcome?

  7. Chapter 18 Section 2

  8. Civil Rights • Tactics based on those use by Mohandas Gandhi • Non-Violence • Use of non-violence exposed injustice, • forced change

  9. Civil Rights Strategies • Sit-ins- people began ordering an segregated restaurants and refusing to leave • Freedom Rides - African American bus riders would go to white only facilities in bus routes through out the South • Integration – African American students would attend white only schools • Boycotts • Marches • Voter Registration

  10. Watch Eyes on the Prize Episode 3

  11. The Albany Movement • Late 1961, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) • Began a sit-in at Albany, Georgia bus station - 500 protesters arrested • MLK invited to lead more demonstrations - Brought national attention • Arrested for leading march on city hall - Refused to pay fine • Vowed to remain in jail until city desegregated • City officials refused to negotiate while King was in town • In Aug. 1962, King called off demonstrations

  12. The Birmingham Campaign • King focused on desegregating Birmingham, Alabama • Began in April 1963 • Sit-ins and marches • Protesters, including King, arrested

  13. Read: Letter from a Birmingham Jail

  14. Warm Up: Review: Letter from a Birmingham Jail • Why did Dr. King become involved in the protest in Birmingham? • Why does Dr. King promote the use of what he calls “direct action” in Birmingham? • What does Dr. King say in response to those who say that the movement to end segregation should wait? • How does Dr. King justify the fact that those participating in this non-violent campaign are breaking the law? • What, according to Dr. King, is the difference between a just law and an unjust law?

  15. The Birmingham Campaign • Fewer adults willing to risk losing jobs by going to jail • SCLC encouraged using children to protest • May 2, 1963 children aged 6-18 began to protest - 900 arrested and jailed • Starting May 3rd, 1963 police and firefighters violently broke up student demonstrations - TV cameras recorded the violence

  16. The Birmingham Campaign • Federal negotiators succeeded in getting city officials to agree to King’s demands • “most magnificent victory for justice we’ve seen in the Deep South” • Many white people in Birmingham resisted • King’s motel and home of his brother were bombed • President Kennedy ordered federal troops to restore order

  17. March on Washington • Aug. 1963 • 200,000 people attend rally at National Mall • Largest civil rights demonstration in U.S.

  18. Watch I Have a Dream Speech

  19. Chapter 18 Section 3

  20. Major Civil Rights Reforms Civil Rights Act of 1957 • Gave federal government authority to enforce civil rights laws Executive Order 11063 (1962) • Banned racial & religious discrimination in housing built or purchased with federal aid 24th Amendment 1962 • Banned poll tax

  21. Major Civil Rights Reforms Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Banned discrimination in employment • Banned discrimination in public accommodations Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Literacy tests, and other such requirements that were used to restrict black voting are made illegal. Civil Rights Act of 1968 (Fair Housing Act) • Banned discrimination in the sale or renting of housing

  22. Did the Civil Rights Movement create equality for African Americans?

  23. Chapter 18 Section 4

  24. Problems • de jure segregation – segregation by law • de facto segregation - segregation that occurs through customs and practice • de jure segregation existed in the South • de facto segregation existed throughout the nation

  25. Conditions outside the South Most northern blacks lived in cities • Faced discrimination: • Housing - All black neighborhoods • Banks • Inability to buy and improve property • Urban decay • Jobs - High unemployment and poverty

  26. Urban Unrest • Frustration over poor conditions led to violence outside the South Watts Riots (1965) - 3,000 arrested - 34 killed - Entire city blocks destroyed

  27. Civil Rights Movement goes North • SCLC focused on Chicago in 1966 - Chicago’s black community focused on economic not civil rights issues • Chicago police refused to use force - MLK found no media attention • Moved protest to white neighborhoods - Residents threw rocks and bottles at marchers - Police protected marchers • Protest backfired, whites who criticized racism in South did not want to see it exposed in the North

  28. Black Power • Stokely Carmichael became leader of SNCC • Rejected philosophy of non-violence • Called for Black Power - African Americans had to depend on themselves to solve problems

  29. The Black Panthers • Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland CA • Rejected non-violence • Only way to liberate blacks was through violent revolution • Members began to carry guns and monitor neighborhoods to guard against police brutality

  30. Black Panther Party

  31. Black Muslims • Nation of Islam founded in 1930 • Led by Elijah Muhammad • Members called Black Muslims • Preached black nationalism, self discipline & self reliance • By 1960s, 65,000 followers • Some Black Muslims took the last name “X” to represent lost African identity

  32. Malcolm X • Preached message of hope, defiance & black pride • Critical of MLK & non-violence - “revolutions overturn systems” • Made the Hajj in 1964 - Returned a changed man - Began to call for racial harmony • Assassinated by Black Muslims who considered him a traitor in 1965

  33. Assassination of King • Was in Memphis speaking on behalf of black sanitation workers • Faced discrimination in hiring and pay • Assassinated at motel the day after leading a rally April 4, 1968 • James Earl Ray • Riots erupted in 120 cities across nation - Lasted 3 weeks - 46 dead, 2,600 injured, 21,000 arrested

  34. Warm Up: Compare the philosophies of MLK Jr. and the Black Power movement.

  35. Chapter 18 Section 5

  36. Equal Rights Movements Poor People’s Campaign 1968 • Organized following the assassination of MLK • Focus on poor instead of African Americans - Lacked leadership • Congress linked movement to Communism • Beginning of decline of the Civil Rights movement

  37. Decline of Black Power • FBI began to monitor Black Power groups • Believed they had ties to Communism • Led raids, that resulted in conflicts • Many leaders were killed or arrested

  38. Results of the Civil Rights Movement Bussing – campaign to integrate schools. • Students transported from their neighborhoods to other parts of the city • Led to violent protest across the country • Mass movement of whites to the suburbs

  39. Results of the Civil Rights Movement Affirmative Action • Preference to minority and women in hiring and college admission

  40. Equal Rights Movements In addition to the Civil Rights movement Feminist Movement • Betty Freidan- The Feminine Mystique described lack of fulfillment in women's life • NOW- National organization for Women • Equal job and education opportunity, • Equal pay • Title IX 1972 - Prohibits gender discrimination in all areas of higher education, including athletics

  41. Equal Rights Movements Migrant Farm Workers • Low wages, no job contracts • UFW- United Farm Workers, founded by Cesar Chavez and Delores Huerta • Strikes and Boycotts • Today UFW workers enjoy better pay, medical benefits and paid vacations

  42. Equal Rights Native Americans • Faced poverty, reservations lacked good schools, transportation and jobs • Many had poor soil for farming

  43. Equal Rights Native Americans • AIM- American Indian Movement in 1968 • Won more control of their reservations • Wanted government to return land that had been taken unfairly • In Maine, government paid $25 billion for land that was unfairly taken

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