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Biomechanics in Olympic Sports

Biomechanics in Olympic Sports. Wendy Guevara Kristy Long Kristy Greenhalgh Juan Torres. Overview. Apparel Equipment Technology. Using Biomechanics to Improve Sports Apparel.

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Biomechanics in Olympic Sports

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  1. Biomechanics in Olympic Sports Wendy Guevara Kristy Long Kristy Greenhalgh Juan Torres

  2. Overview • Apparel • Equipment • Technology

  3. Using Biomechanics to Improve Sports Apparel • New developments in sport apparel are aiding Olympic athletes improve their winning odds in a wide range of events • Such apparel can provide advantages that mean the difference between silver and gold in elite competitions (Schrof et al 42), (http://exploratorium 1995).

  4. A Few Examples • Swimming • TYR Aqua Shift Suit, worn by Erik Vednt, U.S. silver medalist • Speedo Fastskin FSII, worn by Michael Phelps in Sydney Olympics

  5. A Few More… • Speed Skating • SPEEDWYRE by Spyder Active Sports • Triathlon • Running/Swimming apparel • Cycling apparel

  6. Swimming • SPEEDO • Fastskin II (Speedo) uses rough and • smooth material on different parts of • the body • Seams made of high-stretch thread follow in the direction of water flow • Raised ridges on chest and back create microscopic vortices that the • company says reduces drag • Titanium scales on suits inner forearm area are designed to help the swimmer “grip” the water • Los Angeles Times: April 12, 2004

  7. Swimming TYR • Aqua Shift Suit features a series of horizontal, 3mm tall tubes which reduces the overall drag by 15%-20%, according to the company • The tubes cause the turbulence to flare earlier and these allow the water to reattach itself to the athlete

  8. Speed Skating • SPEEDWYRE was developed during 1995 and 1996 by Spyder Active Sports, Inc. of Boulder, Colorado, • SPEEDWYRE reduces the amount of wake behind a blunt object. • SPEEDWYRE is a "trip wire" that is incorporated into the surface of a suit or garment. • The correct placement of SPEEDWYRE on the legs, arms, and torso of a suit can result in significant reduction in aerodynamic drag, improved flow stability, and increased heat transfer.

  9. Triathlon Swimming/Running • Skinsuit: made with triathlon-specific lycra that molds to your body even when wet • The wind slides over the suit just like the water does during the swim leg of the triathlon Cycling • Research shows that the easiest way to lighten the bike is to focus on the parts moving in a circular motion • “Edmund R. Burke, Ph.D., a well known author of several books on cycling physiology and training, has stated that 1 pound added to a wheel or shoe/pedal system is equivalent to nearly 2 pounds on a bicycle frame.”(Velonews Vol 28, No 16)

  10. Equipment • Biomechanics is used to improve the efficiency of sport equipment

  11. Javelin • Old vs. New

  12. Javelin • Change in center of gravity

  13. Discus • Ang. Momentum = Rotary Inertia X Ang. Velocity • Rotary Inertia = Σmass X (radius)2

  14. Hammer • Ang. Momentum = Rotary Inertia X Ang. Velocity • Rotary Inertia = Σmass X(radius)2

  15. Pole Vault • Change in Ends of Bar

  16. The New Vaulting Table

  17. “The Tongue” • Suggested in 1993 • First test at 2001 World Championships • Official replacement in 2003

  18. Advantages • Safety* • More aggressive vaults • Faster learning times • Unisex

  19. Effective Hand Contact Area • Old: 20” x 12” (50cm x 30cm) • New: 20” x 20” (50cm x 50cm) 40% more surface area

  20. Disadvantages • Adjustments • Less hand support

  21. Change in Types of Vaults • More round-off entry vaults • Less front handspring vaults

  22. Speed Skating • Technique can be compared to running greater leg extension = more power • Leg can’t fully extend without “toeing off” • Skaters train to stop push prior to flexing the ankle - Reduces stride length - Reduces power • Result: development of the Klapskate

  23. Klapskate vs. Traditional Skate • Back of blade disconnects from heel of skate • Pivot point is placed under ball of foot

  24. Klapskate • Idea is 100 years old • Developed by Gerrit Jan Van Ingen Schenau • His research led to comparison between plantar flexion in speedskating & running or jumping

  25. Klapskate • Upon creation, researchers needed to determine if full extension could be achieved & if the leg could move faster than its max speed • Vertical jump studied to understand the intermuscular coordination

  26. Klapskate • Inventors created the “Jumping Jack” • Jumping off heels is like skating in conventional skates, while jumping normally is like skating in Klapskates • 2” higher normal jump = 1/100th sec/stride faster • Elite skaters skate 50 strides/lap

  27. Klapskate • Originally named “Slapskate” • English speaking nations influenced change to Klapskate • 10 years after availability, the 1996-97 female Dutch team gave the Klapskate international recognition • Now required to compete

  28. Technology and Performance Improvements • Advancing at a fast rate • Allowing athletes to perform at higher standards and perform feats once considered impossible. • Athletes aren’t the only ones competing head to head during the Olympics: There are technological duels as well. • Designers and engineers labor to shave thousandths of a second off the times of speed.

  29. Technology and Performance Improvements • Equipment Improvements -Designs of shoes, apparel, implements • Technique Improvements Biomechanical analysis methods: -Qualitative (correct actions to improve in skill) -Quantitative (more effective techniques) • Training Improvements -modifications in training -analysis of technique deficiencies can I.D. type of training the athlete requires to improve

  30. Equipment Improvements • New developments in sport equipment are helping Olympic athletes improve their winning odds. • Material substitution: such as stronger lighter carbon for aluminum. • New designs

  31. Equipment Improvements

  32. Equipment Improvements In Olympic Games • Michael Johnson’s unique 3.4 ounce, ultra light shoes • Newly designed oars with hatchet shaped blades that move more water with each stroke • New bats made from ultra light metal alloy, which propel balls further and faster. • “Smart skis” equipped with sensors that measure vibration from the shifting terrain. These sensors cause the skis to stiffen and relax and help maintain control at extremely high speeds.

  33. Technique Improvements • New technologies are being developed to enhance precise data analysis from Digital Cameras and Video Cameras

  34. Technique Improvements • CompuTrainer by RacerMate, Inc. • - Utilizes state of the art Interactive 3D graphics to simulate hills, curves, split screens and panoramic helicopter views. • - Hundreds of preloaded courses and the capability to create any course. • SpinScanis a graphic video biofeedback used to evaluate the impact of small adjustments to bike position to find a dynamic bike fit.

  35. The high peaks and low valleys, or flat spots, represent a choppy, pedal mashing style that does not maximize power distribution. The flat and even bar-graph shows a more optimal pedaling mechanics. SpinScan pedal stroke analyzer of the CompuTrainer

  36. Wind Tunnel Technology • Aerodynamic Analysis will improve biomechanical positioning to suit your flexibility, breathing and power output. • Simultaneously Measure Drag and Power Output

  37. Movement Analysis Software • TheSwingTrainer™is a complete swing analysis system that monitors all aspects of sports movements involving golf clubs, baseball bats, tennis racquets and hockey sticks. • Eight sensors precisely monitor the position and orientation of 36 points on the body and sports object at the rate of 144 times per second.    The data is used to render a model of you and provide data on such characteristics as shoulder rotation, club or bat speed, balance, center of mass, etc. 

  38. TheSwingTrainer TheSwingTrainer

  39. Virtual Reality Bobsled Simulator • The dynamics of the sled is calculated in real time. The program is fed track data and driver steering input, and it solves the equations of motion and draws a picture on the screen from the driver's point of view. Data is sent from the workstation to a motion control system which plays the sounds of a bobsled, rolls the cockpit, and provides force feedback to the driver. • Intended to help train the United States Olympic Bobsled Team. The drivers can take as many practice runs in a day as they like, work on one section of a track at a time, practice different tracks without having to travel, compare their "lines" to other drivers, and get quantitative feedback after each run.

  40. Virtual Reality Bobsled Simulator

  41. Technology And Training Improvement • A qualitative biomechanical analysis of an actual performance should be done to identify deficiencies in technique, strength, power, endurance, or flexibility. • Prescribe drills and exercises that are specific to the aspect of the skill that is deficient, or that closely simulates the specific exercise used in the technique training.

  42. Technology And Training Improvement

  43. References • Boyle, Allen. “The high tech race for Olympic Gold.” MSNBC http://www.msnbc.com/news/693675.asp?cp1=1 • CompuTrainer. http://www.computrainer.com/index.asp • Do you want a lighter bike? November 12, 1999. www.rocket7.com, http://www.rocket7.com/nov1219soyou.html • Duncan, Douglas. “Klapskate.” http://www.gironet.nl/home/cvstaave/schaatsen/article/klapskateDouglasduncan.htm. accessed 9/6/03. • Elliott, Helene. “New Wave of Suits.” Los Angeles Times. 4/12/04. • McGinnis, Peter M. Biomechanics of Sport and Exercise. (1999). • “New Vault for the Elite…New Vault for 2001…” http://www.girlstalksports.com/Olympic_Report/Olympic_Gymnastics/olympic_gymnastics.html. accessed 8/26/04. • Olympic Pictures. http://www.athens2004.com/ • Rand, Tim. “New Vaulting Table.” http://www.usa-gymnastics.org/publications/technique/2003/1/newvaulttable.html. accessed 8/26/04.

  44. References • Root, Emily, Andrea Domonkos, Miriam Granek, and Matthew Hustler. “Has Science Improved Sport?” http://web.media.mit.edu/~intille/st/has_science_improved_sport.html • Sands, Wm A. Ph.D., C.S.C.S. and Jeni R. McNeal, Ph.D., C.S.C.S. “Some Guidelines on the Transition from the Old Horse to the New Table.” 12/14/01. http://www.usa-gymnastics.org/women/2001/vaulttablerecs.pdf. accessed 9/6/04. • Speedo.com • Swimming Flume. http://www.endlesspools.com/main.html • Swing Trainer (MotionMonitorä ). http://www.innsport.com/ • “The Klapskate: Invented By Human Movement Scientists.” http://www.fbw.vu.nl/preview/klapskate.html. accessed 9/6/03. • “The New Vault: The Tongue.” 11/5/02. http://georgiadogs.collegesports.com/sports/w-gym/spec-rel/110502aaa.html. accessed 9/6/03. • Training. http://www.swimcords.com/products.html • Trump, Bob. Track & Field Images. Javelin: http://server1070.gisol.com/~bobtrump/NewJav.jpg Javelin Thrower: http://server1070.gisol.com/~bobtrump/speerani2.gif Discus Thrower: http://server1070.gisol.com/~bobtrump/diskani99g.gif Pole Vaulter: http://server1070.gisol.com/~bobtrump/stablern3rani.gif • TYR.com

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