By: Brent Hardman, P.E. 740 E. Monroe Road, St. Louis, MI 48880 powellfab

1. High Strength Low Salt Hypo (HSLS Hypo) Improved Hypo Quality and Production By: Brent Hardman, P.E. 740 E. Monroe Road, St. Louis, MI 48880 www.powellfab.com

2. What is High Strength Low Salt Hypo? 30% by wt. NaOCl with 8.5% by wt. NaCl 13% by wt. NaOCl with 3.7% by wt. NaCl 6% by wt. NaOCl with 1.7% by wt. NaCl Traditional Hypo: 13% by wt. NaOCl with 10.4% by wt. NaCl 6% by wt. NaOCl with 4.7% by wt. NaCl

3. HSLS Hypo Process Diagram Cl2 150-200 GPL Av. Cl2 Powell HSLS Hypo Generator Powell HSLS Hypo Salt Removal 30% HSLS Hypo 50% Caustic Salt

4. HSLS Hypo Solution

5. Salt Removal System

6. Traditional Hypo vs. HSLS Hypo

7. Chemistry Advantages Reduction in Ionic strength of the solution: Slower decomposition resulting in a longer half-life Less chlorate ion formation Less perchlorate ion formation Less oxygen formation

8. Decomposition Half life of HSLS Hypo is approximately two times the commercial product available today. (i.e. 2 times more stable) 13% Dilute HSLS Hypo half life is 88 days 13% Traditional Hypo half life is 48 days Decreased NaCl concentration by approx. 70%

9. Decomposition

10. Decomposition

11. Chlorate Formation Reduce chlorate formation by approx. 36% Chlorate SPAC 0.2 mg/L in 2014

12. Chlorate Formation

13. Perchlorate Formation Reduce perchlorate formation by approx. 35% Perchlorate SPAC 0.005 mg/L

14. Perchlorate Formation

15. Oxygen Formation Minor pathway for oxygen formation Decomposition referred as uncatalyzed pathway. Reduce oxygen formation by approx. 36%

16. Oxygen Formation

17. What are the Production Advantages? Reduced chlorine and caustic consumption per gallon produced Recovery of salt for raw material savings Improved stability and reduced weight allow more flexibility of logistics Lower specific gravity will reduced the overall weight load for shipment of same volume Increased volume per shipment for same load weight

18. Chlorine and Caustic for HSLS Hypo With lower decomposition rates, diluted HSLS hypo can be shipped at a lower strength than traditional hypo. Assuming a storage time of 3 days to ship no less than 12.0% Traditional Hypo is typically manufactured at 13.0%. HSLS Hypo could be diluted to 12.6%. Difference accounts for 3.0% savings in raw materials.

19. Reduced Shipping Strength

20. Salt Savings for HSLS Hypo Approximately 3,300-3,600 lbs. of NaCl consumed to produce 2,000 lbs. of chlorine 2,000 lbs. of chlorine reacted to 30% NaOCl = 1230 lbs. of NaCl savings by reclaiming salt 1230 lbs. of reclaimed salt = 34-37% needed for original electrolysis Reclaimed salt is very pure; if returned back to chlor-alkali plant only requires secondary brine treatment

21. Salt Purity

22. Storage HSLS Hypo

23. HSLS Hypo Shipping Advantages HSLS Hypo is stored on producers site at 50°F. One tank truck load (5,000 gal.) of 13.0% diluted HSLS Hypo contains 3,900 lbs. less salt than tradition hypo. 5,000 gal. tank truck load of 30% wt. equals 13,750 gallons of 13% wt. High dilution ratio allows for shipment flexibility. Shipment of 30% wt. Economically ship 2.75 time farther Increase total delivered volume by 2.75, diluted at distribution center or customer site Shipment of diluted product Increased stability allows for decreased shipping strength

24. HSLS Hypo Shipping

25. HSLS Hypo Shipping

26. HSLS Hypo Summary HSLS Hypo with lower salt concentration offers a product that is more stable and lighter. Greater stability means less sodium chlorate and perchlorate formation during decomposition. Reclaim salt to improve chlor-alkali plant efficiencies. HSLS Hypo can improve the shipment economics by: Increasing shipping radius from the plant Lighter product therefore more hypo per load

27. Powell Contact Information Powell Fabrication & Manufacturing, Inc. 740 E. Monroe Road St. Louis, MI 48880 Ph: 989.681.2158 Fax: 989.681.5013 E-mail: info@powellfab.com Website: www.powellfab.com