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Any Questions?. Chapter 2. The TCP/IP and OSI Networking Models Networking architecture An organized set of documents. Describe one small function required for a network. Protocol a set of logical rules that devices must follow to communicate. Chapter Goal

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  1. Any Questions?

  2. Chapter 2 • The TCP/IP and OSI Networking Models • Networking architecture • An organized set of documents. • Describe one small function required for a network. • Protocol • a set of logical rules that devices must follow to communicate. • Chapter Goal • Understand networking model and how it works

  3. Do I know this? Go through the Quiz- 5 minutes

  4. 1. Which of the following protocols are examples of TCP/IP transport layer protocols? a. Ethernet b. HTTP c. IP d. UDP e. SMTP f. TCP

  5. 1. Which of the following protocols are examples of TCP/IP transport layer protocols? a. Ethernet b. HTTP c. IP d. UDP e. SMTP f. TCP Answer: D & F

  6. 2. Which of the following protocols are examples of TCP/IP network access layer protocols? a. Ethernet b. HTTP c. IP d. UDP e. SMTP f. TCP g. PPP

  7. 2. Which of the following protocols are examples of TCP/IP network access layer protocols? a. Ethernet b. HTTP c. IP d. UDP e. SMTP f. TCP g. PPP Answer: A &G

  8. 3. The process of HTTP asking TCP to send some data and make sure that it is received correctly is an example of what? a. Same-layer interaction b. Adjacent-layer interaction c. The OSI model d. All the other answers are correct.

  9. 3. The process of HTTP asking TCP to send some data and make sure that it is received correctly is an example of what? a. Same-layer interaction b. Adjacent-layer interaction c. The OSI model d. All the other answers are correct. Answer: B

  10. 4. The process of TCP on one computer marking a segment as segment 1, and the receiving computer then acknowledging the receipt of segment 1, is an example of what? a. Data encapsulation b. Same-layer interaction c. Adjacent-layer interaction d. The OSI model e. None of these answers are correct.

  11. 4. The process of TCP on one computer marking a segment as segment 1, and the receiving computer then acknowledging the receipt of segment 1, is an example of what? a. Data encapsulation b. Same-layer interaction c. Adjacent-layer interaction d. The OSI model e. None of these answers are correct. Answer: B

  12. 5. The process of a web server adding a TCP header to a web page, followed by adding an IP header, and then a data link header and trailer is an example of what? a. Data encapsulation b. Same-layer interaction c. The OSI model d. All of these answers are correct.

  13. 5. The process of a web server adding a TCP header to a web page, followed by adding an IP header, and then a data link header and trailer is an example of what? a. Data encapsulation b. Same-layer interaction c. The OSI model d. All of these answers are correct. Answer: A

  14. 6. Which of the following terms is used specifically to identify the entity that is created when encapsulating data inside data link layer headers and trailers? a. Data b. Chunk c. Segment d. Frame e. Packet f. None of these—there is no encapsulation by the data link layer.

  15. 6. Which of the following terms is used specifically to identify the entity that is created when encapsulating data inside data link layer headers and trailers? a. Data b. Chunk c. Segment d. Frame e. Packet f. None of these—there is no encapsulation by the data link layer. Answer: D

  16. 7. Which OSI layer defines the functions of logical network-wide addressing and routing? a. Layer 1 b. Layer 2 c. Layer 3 d. Layer 4 e. Layer 5 f. Layer 6 g. Layer 7

  17. 7. Which OSI layer defines the functions of logical network-wide addressing and routing? a. Layer 1 b. Layer 2 c. Layer 3 d. Layer 4 e. Layer 5 f. Layer 6 g. Layer 7 Answer: C

  18. 8. Which OSI layer defines the standards for cabling and connectors? a. Layer 1 b. Layer 2 c. Layer 3 d. Layer 4 e. Layer 5 f. Layer 6 g. Layer 7

  19. 8. Which OSI layer defines the standards for cabling and connectors? a. Layer 1 b. Layer 2 c. Layer 3 d. Layer 4 e. Layer 5 f. Layer 6 g. Layer 7 Answer: A

  20. 9. Which OSI layer defines the standards for data formats and encryption? a. Layer 1 b. Layer 2 c. Layer 3 d. Layer 4 e. Layer 5 f. Layer 6 g. Layer 7

  21. 9. Which OSI layer defines the standards for data formats and encryption? a. Layer 1 b. Layer 2 c. Layer 3 d. Layer 4 e. Layer 5 f. Layer 6 g. Layer 7 Answer: F

  22. 10. Which of the following terms are not valid terms for the names of the seven OSI layers? a. Application b. Data link c. Transmission d. Presentation e. Internet f. Session

  23. 10. Which of the following terms are not valid terms for the names of the seven OSI layers? a. Application b. Data link c. Transmission d. Presentation e. Internet f. Session Answer: C & E

  24. Any Questions?

  25. Foundation Topics • TCP/IP is most widely supported protocol • Early Protocols were owned by the company that wrote them • Each vendor had different network. Interoperability was difficult • ISO organized to write a standard in the late 1970’s • DARPA also started a standard • TCP/IP Pg 21

  26. The TCP/IP Protocol Architecture • Large Collection of protocols that allow computers to communicate • Request For Comments (RFCs) defines the protocols • http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html • Standard provide interoperability • Can any phone into the phone network • Computer with TCP/IP will work on almost nay data network Pg 22

  27. TCP/IP Architecture Pg 22

  28. The TCP/IP Application Layer • Defines services for an application • Capability to transfer a file • Provides interface between software and network Pg 23

  29. Application Layer Example • HTTP Request-HTTP transfer of file • HTML is the Language of the file being transferred Pg 23

  30. More Details on Example • Request • HTTP Header-Get home.htm • Reply • HTTP OK-Sends contents • HTTP Headers have codes • 200-File Found • 404-File not found Pg 24

  31. More Details on Example • When a layer of the TCP/IP Architecture want to communicate it uses the headers to communicate with the SAME layer on the other machine • Same-layer interaction • Application Layer doesn’t define the application used on the computer • Defines how to accomplish the networking tasks that the application wants • File transfers, etc. Pg 24

  32. Any Questions?

  33. The TCP/IP Transport Layer • Two main Protocols • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) • Provides error recovery by providing acknowledgements • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • Provides Service to Application Layer • Helps provide services to the transport of application layer information (files and requests) Pg 25

  34. Reliability by TCP • TCP headers manage the flow of data • If data is lost, TCP resends the data • Adjacent-layer interaction Pg 26

  35. Reliability by TCP • Application and Transport Layer can ignore lower layers • Work the same way regardless of whether the computers are communicating on a LAN or over the Internet • Lower layers deal with the physical network Pg 27

  36. Any Questions?

  37. The TCP/IP Internet Layer • Is there a difference to you when you send a letter to a local friend or to another city? • Local Letter • Goes to your Post Office and then to friend • Another City • Goes to your post office, then to main post office, then to main post office in other city, then to friend’s post office, then to friend Pg 27

  38. The TCP/IP Internet Layer • Internet Layer Defines • IP Addressing • Unique addressing for each host computer • IP Routing • So that routers can make decisions on where to send the packets of data Pg 27

  39. Internet Layer in Action • IP Packet • IP Header • TCP Header • Application Header • Application Data (none in this case) Pg 28

  40. Internet Layer in Action • Bob Sends packet to router R2 • R2 examines destination IP address • R2 makes routing decision based on known topology • Knows that Larry must be on other side of R1 • R1 passes the packet to Larry Pg 28

  41. Any Questions?

  42. The TCP/IP Network Access Layer • Defines protocols and hardware for delivering data across physical networks • Defines physical connection to the network media over which data can be transmitted • Provides services to the layer above it • Example-Ethernet • Cabling, addressing and protocols for an Ethernet LAN Pg 28

  43. The TCP/IP Network Access Layer • Internet Layer doesn’t know how to use wires • Network Access services Internet Layer by providing link to numerous physical implentations • Ethernet and Other LAN standards • PPP, Frame-Relay and other WAN standards Pg 29

  44. Network Access Layer-In action • Bob sends IP packet to R2 • Wraps IP packet in Ethernet Header and Trailer-an Ethernet FRAME • R2 doesn’t need Ethernet Header and Trailer • Strips them off and has IP packets • Puts a PPP header and Trailer around it-PPP FRAME • R1 does the same strip of PPP information and adds new Ethernet information Pg 29

  45. Network Access Layer-In action • People often think of Network Access layer as two parts • Network layer • Physical layer • Not part of specification, but can be handled differently Pg 29

  46. Any Questions?

  47. Data Encapsulation Terminology • Each layer adds its own header and possibly trailer • Encapsulation • Application Layer • Encpasulates web page with HTTP header • Transport Layer • Encpasulated HTTP header and data in TCP header • Etc Pg 30

  48. Data Encapsulation Terminology • Step 1 Create and encapsulate the application data with any required application layer headers. For example, the HTTP OK message can be returned in an HTTP header, followed by part of the contents of a web page. • Step 2 Encapsulate the data supplied by the application layer inside a transport layer header. For end-user applications, a TCP or UDP header is typically used. • Step 3 Encapsulate the data supplied by the transport layer inside an internet layer (IP) header. IP is the only protocol available in the TCP/IP network model. • Step 4 Encapsulate the data supplied by the internet layer inside a network access layer header and trailer. This is the only layer that uses both a header and a trailer. • Step 5 Transmit the bits. The physical layer encodes a signal onto the medium to transmit the frame. Pg 30

  49. Data Encapsulation Terminology Pg 31

  50. Any Questions?

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