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Chapter 50

Chapter 50. An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere. Ecology- the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment Population- a group of individuals of the same species living in an area Community- a group of populations of different species in an area.

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Chapter 50

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  1. Chapter 50 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

  2. Ecology-the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment • Population- a group of individuals of the same species living in an area • Community- a group of populations of different species in an area

  3. Ecosystem- the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors they interact with • Landscape- a mosaic of connected ecosystems • Biosphere- the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems

  4. Organismal ecology Population ecology Community ecology Ecosystem ecology Landscape ecology Global ecology

  5. Rachel Carson is credited with starting the modern environmental movement with the publication of Silent Spring in 1962

  6. Dispersal- movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or from their area of origin. Kangaroos/km2 0–0.1 0.1–1 1–5 5–10 10–20 > 20 Limits of distribution

  7. Biotic Factors- affect the distribution of organisms include: interactions with other species, predation, and competition Current 1970 1966 1965 1960 1961 1943 1958 1937 1951 1956 1970 Dispersal of the cattle egret in the Americas

  8. Abiotic Factors- temperature, water, salinity, sunlight, wind, and rocks and soil

  9. 90ºN (North Pole) 60ºN Low angle of incoming sunlight 30ºN 23.5ºN (Tropic of Cancer) Sun directly overhead at equinoxes 0º (equator) 23.5ºS (Tropic of Capricorn) 30ºS Low angle of incoming sunlight 60ºS 90ºS (South Pole) Atmosphere

  10. 60ºN 30ºN March equinox 0º (equator) June solstice 30ºS December solstice Constant tilt of 23.5º September equinox

  11. Air cools at high elevation. 2 Cooler air sinks over water. 3 Warm air over land rises. 1 Cool air over water moves inland, replacing rising warm air over land. 4

  12. 60ºN Descending dry air absorbs moisture Descending dry air absorbs moisture 30ºN 0º (equator) Ascending moist air releases moisture 30ºS 60ºS 0º 23.5º 23.5º 30º 30º Arid zone Arid zone Tropics

  13. 66.5ºN (Arctic Circle) 60ºN Westerlies 30ºN Northeast trades Doldrums 0º (equator) Southeast trades 30ºS Westerlies 60ºS 66.5ºS (Antarctic Circle)

  14. Labrador current Gulf stream Equator water Warm Cold water

  15. Leeward side of mountain Wind direction Mountain range Ocean

  16. Aquatic Biomes • Photic zone- has sufficient light for photosynthesis • Aphotic zone- receives little light • Benthic zone- organic and inorganic sediment at the bottom of all aquatic zones • Abyssal zone- a depth of 2,000 to 6,000 m

  17. Littoral zone Limnetic zone Photic zone Pelagic zone Benthic zone Aphotic zone (a) Zonation in a lake

  18. Intertidal zone Neritic zone Oceanic zone 0 Photic zone 200 m Continental shelf Pelagic zone Benthic zone Aphotic zone 2,000–6,000 m Abyssal zone (b) Marine zonation

  19. Winter Spring 4º 0º 4º 2º 4º 4º 4º 4º 4º 4º 4ºC 4ºC • Thermocline • Turnover Summer Autumn 4º 22º 20º 4º 18º 4º 8º 4º 6º 4º 5º 4ºC 4ºC Thermocline

  20. Aquatic Biomes • Major aquatic biomes can be characterized by their physical environment, chemical environment, geological features, photosynthetic organisms, and heterotrophs

  21. Oligotrophic lakes are nutrient-poor and generally oxygen-rich An oligotrophic lake in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming

  22. Eutrophic lakes are nutrient-rich and often depleted of oxygen if ice covered in winter A eutrophic lake in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

  23. Wetlands -inundated by water at least some of the time Okefenokee National Wetland Reserve in Georgia

  24. Streams and Rivers - the most prominent physical characteristic is current A headwater stream in the Great Smoky Mountains The Mississippi River far from its headwaters

  25. Estuary- transition area between river and sea, salinity varies, nutrient rich and highly productive An estuary in a low coastal plain of Georgia

  26. Rocky intertidal zone on the Oregon coast Intertidal Zones- periodically submerged and exposed by the tides, variations in temperature, salinity, wave action forces

  27. Oceanic Pelagic Zone- open blue water, constantly mixed by wind-driven oceanic currents, covers approximately 70% of Earth’s surface, phytoplankton and zooplankton Open ocean off the island of Hawaii

  28. Coral Reefs- formed from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals A coral reef in the Red Sea

  29. Tropical forest Savanna Desert Chaparral 30ºN Temperate grassland Tropic of Cancer Equator Temperate broadleaf forest Tropic of Capricorn Northern coniferous forest 30ºS Tundra High mountains Polar ice

  30. Temperate grassland Desert Tropical forest 30 Temperate broadleaf forest 15 Annual mean temperature (ºC) Northern coniferous forest 0 Arctic and alpine tundra –15 0 100 200 400 300 Annual mean precipitation (cm)

  31. Terrestrial Biomes • Terrestrial biomes can be characterized by distribution, precipitation, temperature, plants, and animals

  32. Tropical Forest tropical rain forests- rainfall is relatively constant tropical dry forests- precipitation is highly seasonal A tropical rain forest in Borneo

  33. Desert- Precipitation is low and variable. Temperature is hot or cold. Plants adapted for heat and desiccation tolerance, water storage, and reduced leaf surface area. Many animals are nocturnal. A desert in the southwestern United States

  34. A savanna in Kenya Savanna- precipitation and temperature are seasonal. Grasses make up most of the ground cover.

  35. An area of chaparral in California Chaparral- climate is highly seasonal, cool and rainy winters and hot dry summers. Dominated by shrubs, small trees, grasses, and herbs; many plants are adapted to fire and drought.

  36. Sheyenne National Grassland in North Dakota Temperate Grassland- winters are cold and dry, while summers are wet and hot. Dominant plants and grasses are adapted to droughts and fire.

  37. Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado Northern Coniferous Forest(Taiga)- winters are cold and long while summers may be hot.

  38. Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina Temperate Broadleaf Forest- winters are cool, summers are hot and humid; significant precipitation falls year round as rain and snow. Vertical layers of deciduous trees or eucalyptus

  39. Permafrost- a permanently frozen layer of soil, prevents water infiltration. Vegetation: mosses, grasses, dwarf shrubs and trees, and lichen Denali National Park, Alaska, in autumn Tundra- covers expansive areas of the Arctic and on high mountaintops at all latitudes. Winters are long and cold while summers are relatively cool; precipitation varies

  40. 100 Mean height (cm) 50 0 3,000 2,000 Altitude (m) Sierra Nevada Great Basin Plateau 1,000 0 Seed collection sites

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