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Unit 10 Human Body Systems

Unit 10 Human Body Systems. PAP Biology. Levels of Organization. The levels of organization in a multicellular organism include cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Organism Organ System Organs Tissues Cells Atoms. Cell: Basic unit of structure and function

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Unit 10 Human Body Systems

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  1. Unit 10Human Body Systems PAP Biology

  2. Levels of Organization • The levels of organization in a multicellular organism include cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Organism Organ System Organs Tissues Cells Atoms Cell: Basic unit of structure and function Tissue: Group of Cells that preform a single function (Epithelial, Connective, Nervous and Muscle) Organs: Group of tissues working together Organ System: Group of organs working together.

  3. Cell Types and Tissue • A cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things. Specialized cells are uniquely suited to perform a specific function. • Tissues are groups of cells that perform a specific function. • Muscle Tissue: along the bones, enables body to move. • Epithelial Tissue: glands and tissues that cover interior and exterior body surfaces. • Connective Tissue: provides support for the body and connects its parts. • Nervous Tissue: transmits nerve impulses throughout the body.

  4. Nervous System • Structures: 1. Central Nervous System (CNS) 2. Brain 3. Spinal Cord 4. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Somatic-voluntary • Autonomic-involuntary • Function: • Recognizes and coordinates the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environments.

  5. Nervous System • What is a neuron? • Cells that transmit electrical impulses in the nervous system. • What is a synapse? • The location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell. • What are neurotransmitters? • Chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell.

  6. Neuron node

  7. Brain

  8. Nervous System • List the parts of the central nervous system. • Brain • Spinal Cord • Meninges (connective tissue) • Cerebrospinal fluid (protects brain and spinal column) • List the parts of the peripheral nervous system. • All the nerves and cells that are not part of the brain or spinal column. Hypothalamus: is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland

  9. Digestive System • Structures: • Mouth • Pharynx • Esophagus • Stomach • Small Intestine • Large Intestine • Liver • Gall Bladder • Rectum • Function: • Converts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body; absorbs food; eliminates waste.

  10. DigestiveSystem

  11. Structures & Functions • Salivary Gland: secretes saliva, which moistens food and makes it easier to chew. • Esophagus: food tube into the stomach. • Liver: produces bile to break down fat. • Stomach: large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food. • Gall Bladder: produces bile to break down fat. • Pancreas: produces hormones that regulate blood sugar levels; produces enzymes that break down carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids; produces sodium bicarbonate (neutralizes stomach acids). • Large Intestine: removes water from undigested food • Small Intestine: most of the chemical digestion and absorption of food occurs here. • Rectum: once water has been removed waste materials pass through the rectum and are eliminated.

  12. Digestive System • What is the difference between chemical digestion and mechanical digestion? • Chemical digestion begins in the mouth; breaks the chemical bonds in carbohydrates and releases sugars. • It continues in the stomach with enzymes that digest proteins but not carbohydrates. • Carbohydrate digestion resumes in the small intestines. • Mechanical digestion is the muscle contractions needed to move the fluids and food from the stomach to the small intestine.

  13. Enzymes Vocabulary Enzymes are also called catalysts - they speed up chemical reactions & reduces activation energy. • Substrate • Reactant which binds to enzyme. • Active site • Substrate fits into enzyme. • Exergonic • Energy release: Digestion (ATP to ADP) • Endergonic • Absorbing energy: (ADP to ATP)

  14. Effects of Digestive Enzymes

  15. Excretory System • Structures: • Skin • Lungs • Kidneys • Ureters • Urinary bladder • Urethra • Function: • Eliminates waste products from the body in ways that maintain homeostasis.

  16. Excretory System Kidneys Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra

  17. Excretory System • What process are involved in blood purification? • Filtration: to remove wastes. • Re-absorption: process by which liquid is taken back into the system. • How does the kidney help to maintain homeostasis? • They remove waste products from the blood; maintain blood pH; and regulate the water content of the blood (blood volume).

  18. Lymphatic/Immune System • Structures: • White blood cells (T-cells) • Thymus • Spleen • Lymph nodes • Lymph vessels • Function: • Helps protect the body from disease; collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns the fluid to the circulatory system.

  19. Lymphatic System • What is the first line of defense? • Your skin. • What is the second line of defense? • Inflammatory response: a nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection. • What is the immune response? • Specific defenses that attack a particular disease-causing agent. • What are some examples of antigens? • Viruses, bacteria, or other pathogens.

  20. Lymphatic System • How do antibodies help in the immune system? • They recognize and bind to antigens; attacking the pathogen. • How to lymph nodes change in response to an infection? • Lymph nodes act as filters, trapping bacteria and other microorganisms; swelling is a response to active lymph nodes. • What is the fluid collected by the lymphatic system called? • lymph

  21. Antibody & Antigen

  22. Integumentary System • Structures: • Skin • Hair • Nails • Sweat glands • Oil glands • Function: • Serves as a barrier against infection and injury; helps to regulate body temperature; provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

  23. Integumentary System

  24. Integumentary System • What is the function of melanin? • Helps protect the skin from damage by absorbing ultraviolet rays from the sun. • How does the skin react with other parts to maintain homeostasis? • By helping to regulate body temperature. • SPF Sun Protection Factor • measures sunscreen protection from UVB rays

  25. Skeletal System • Structures: • Bones • Cartilage • Ligaments • Tendons • Function: • Supports the body; protects internal organs; allows movement; stores mineral reserves; provides a site for blood cell formation.

  26. Skeletal System • What are osteocytes? • Mature bone cells • List the 2 types of bone marrow and their function. • Yellow: made primarily of fat cells. • Red: produces red blood cells, some white blood cells and platelets. • What is the function of ligaments? • To hold bones together in a joint. • What is the function of tendons? • To hold muscle to bone

  27. Muscular System • Structures: • Skeletal muscle • Cardiac muscle • Smooth muscle • Function: • Works with the skeletal system to produce voluntary movement; helps to circulate blood and move food through the digestive system.

  28. Muscle Filament • 2 Types: Thin (actin)and Thick (myosin) • Sliding Filament Theory: describes a process used by muscles to contract

  29. Circulatory System • Structures: • Heart • Blood vessels • Arteries • Veins • Capillaries • Blood • Function: • Brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells; fights infection; removes cell wastes; helps to regulate body temperature.

  30. Circulatory System • What is the difference between the atrium and the ventricle? • Atrium: Upper chamber which receives blood. • Ventricle: Lower chamber which pumps blood out of the heart. • List the 3 types of blood vessels. • Arteries, veins, capillaries • List the 3 cellular portions of blood and their function. • Red blood cells: transport oxygen. • White blood cells: guard against infection, fight parasites, attack bacteria. • Platelets and plasma proteins: make blood clotting possible.

  31. Heart blood flow

  32. What is hemoglobin? • Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body.

  33. Respiratory System • Structures: • Nose • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Lungs • Bronchi • Bronchioles • Alveoli • Function: • Provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body.

  34. Respiratory System

  35. Endocrine System • Structures: • Hypothalamus • Pituitary • Thyroid • Parathyroid • Adrenals • Pancreas • Ovaries (in females) • Testes (in males) • Function: • Controls growth, development, and metabolism; maintains homeostasis.

  36. Endocrine System • What are hormones? • Chemicals that are released in one part of the body that travel through the blood stream and affect the activities of cells in other parts of the body. • Hormones are controlled by feedback mechanisms. What is the function of a feedback mechanism? • To maintain homeostasis.

  37. Endocrine System

  38. Reproductive System • Structures: • Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra and penis (in males). • Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina (in females) • Function: • Produces reproductive cells; in females, nurtures and protects the developing embryo.

  39. Homeostasis: regulation of conditions within a organism or system which allows for stable, “normal” internal equilibrium (balance) • Examples: Temperature, Blood Pressure, Water Balance, Blood Glucose, Blood Calcium and etc… • Internal feedback mechanism: self-regulating process, like a chemical reaction, that can help maintain homeostasis

  40. Homeostatic Loop Receptor Control Effector Receives information from receptor & sends a message to adjust stress. Receives message from control center & produces response to reestablish homeostasis Detects the Stress Response to stimuli leads to change. The change is feedback to the receptor.

  41. An Example Receptor Control Effector Nerve Ending Feels Pain Muscle Contraction & You Pull Back Brain Response to stimuli leads to change. The change is feedback to the receptor.

  42. Negative feedback loops: (decreases effects) stimulus produces a response which reduces the original stimulus. • Most are in this category (Sweating, shivering) • Positive feedback loops: (increase effect) stimulus produces a response which increases the stimulus. • (drug addicts, apple ripening, hormone produced to speeds up contractions in child birth)

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