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Unit-C Human Body Systems. Anatomy & Physiology 1H03.01. Anatomy studies the shape an structure of an organisms body and the relationship of one body part to another .
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Anatomy & Physiology1H03.01 Anatomy studies the shape an structure of an organisms body and the relationship of one body part to another. Physiology studies the function of each body part and how the functions of the various body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism. For our purposes in this unit it is the study of directions, positions, planes, sections, cavities, and abdominal and pelvic regions.
Body Planes: • Definition = imaginary lines drawn through the body to separate the body into sections.
Directions/Position Anterior and ventral – front or in front of Posterior or dorsal - back or in back of Cranial and caudal - cranial:head end caudal: tail end Superior and inferior- superior: upper or above inferior: lower or below Medial and lateral - medial: toward the midline lateral: away from midline Proximal and distal - proximal: toward the trunk distal: farthest from trunk Superficial or external - on or near the surface of body Deep or internal - inside or about a body cavity
Directions/Positions • Median/Saggittal Plane – divides body into right & left parts. • Frontal/Coronal Plane – vertical cut at right angles to saggital plane, divides into anterior and posterior portions • Transverse/Horizontal Plane – cross-section, a horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts. Anatomical position
A horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts. Transverse (cross-section)
A vertical cut at right angles to the sagittal plane, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions. Coronal Plane
Divides the body into right and left parts. Sagittal Plane
Cavities The urinary bladder is found in the pelvic cavity
Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, remainder of the large intestine, and the appendix. Pelvic Cavity
Contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, appendix, and part of the large intestine. Abdominal Cavity
The second largest hollow space of the body. It is enclosed by the ribs, the vertebral column, and the sternum, or breastbone, and is separated from the abdominal cavity (the body’s largest hollow space) by a muscular & membranous partition, the diaphragm. It contains the lungs, the middle & lower airways—the tracheobronchial tree—the heart, the vessels transporting blood between the heart and the lungs, the great arteries bringing blood from the heart out into general circulation, and the major veins into which the blood is collected for transport back to the heart. Thoracic Cavity
The space in vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. Spinal Cavity
Where the brain is located. Cranial Cavity
Contains the brain and spinal cord Dorsal cavity
upper left quadrant ULQ lower left quadrant LLQ upper right quadrant URQ lower right quadrant LRQ 4 quadrants
The second way of dividing the abdominal surface is into 9 regions: • left hypochondriac LH • left lumbar LL • left iliac (inginal) LI • epigastric E • umbilical U • hypogastric H • right hypochondriac RH • right lumbar RL • right iliac (inginal)RI
Epigastric – located just below the sternum (breast bone) Right Hypochondriac and the left hypochondriac regions are located below the ribs. Umbilical – located around the naval or umbilicus Right lumbar region and the left lumbar region extend from anterior to posterior. ( A person will complain of back pain or lumbar pain.) and on either side of the umbilical region Hypogastric – the pubic area Right & Left Iliac regions are located on both sides of the hypogastric region. Abdominal/Pelvic Regions
Levels of Organization in the Body • Cells • Tissues • Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous • Organs • Examples include stomach, liver, heart • Organ Systems • Examples include digestive and circulatory systems
Tissues in the Human Body • Epithelial • Covering or lining tissue • Connective I.e. adipose, cartilage, tendons & ligaments • Joins, stores and supports • Muscle • Internal and external movement • Nerve • Conducts electrical signals Blood Muscle Nerve
Firm, flexible support of the embryonic skeleton and part of the adult skeleton Cartilage
White bands of connective tissue attaching skeletal muscle to bone. Tendons
A type of connective tissue that stores fat cells Adipose Tissue
Strong, flexible bands of connective tissue that hold bones firmly together at the joints Ligaments
Nervous Tissue – cells that react to stimuli and conduct an impulse
Muscle Tissue – has the ability to contract and move the body
Epithelial Tissue – protects the body by covering internal and external surfaces.
SEROUS MEMBRANES – double-walled membrane - produces a watery fluid, lines closed body cavities. PLEURAL MEMBRANE – lines thoracic or chest cavity and protects the lungs. MEMBRANES
1.the outer part of the membrane that lines the cavity is the PARIETAL membrane. 2.the part that covers the organs is the VISCERAL membrane.
Lines the heart cavity & protects the heart. PERICARDIAL MEMBRANE
Lines the abdominal cavity and protects abdominal organs. PERITONEAL MEMBRANE
Lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems – produces mucous to lubricate and protect the lining. MUCOUS MEMBRANES
ORGANS AND SYSTEMS • ORGAN SYSTEM – a group of organs which act together to perform a specific, related function • ·Integumentary • ·Skeletal • ·Muscular • ·Digestive • ·Respiratory • ·Circulatory- most complex • ·Excretory • · Nervous- brain nerves and spinal cord • ·Endocrine- makes hormones • ·Reproductive
Skull Scapula Clavicle Humerus Sternum Ribs Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Pelvis Phalanges Femur Patella Fibula Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals Skeleton System Phalanges
Deltoid Pectoralis major Biceps brachi Gluteus maximus Rectus femoris Gastrocnemius Muscular System
Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Liver Stomach Large Intestine Small Intestine Villi Digestive System
Nasal Passage Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Bronchioles Alveoli Respiratory System
Nephron Kidney Kidney Ureter Urinary Bladder Urethra Urinary System
Cerebrum Dendrite Cell body Corpus callosum Thalamus Myelin sheath Hypothalamus Axon Node of Ranvier Axon terminals Midbrain Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Nervous System
Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland Thyroid and Parathyroid glands Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Ovary Testis Endocrine System
Fallopian tube Uterus Urinary bladder Vagina Anterior View SagittalView Fallopian tube Uterus Ovary Vagina Reproductive System