SPAIN

1. SPAIN By: Walker Sorrell

2. Spain’s history 1 • Spain, originally inhabited by Celts, Iberians, and Basques, became a part of the Roman Empire in 206 B.C. , when it was conquered by Scipio Africanus. In A.D. 412, the barbarian Visigoth leader Ataulf crossed the Pyrenees and ruled Spain, first in the name of the Roman emperor and then independently. In 711, the Muslims under Tariq entered Spain from Africa and within a few years completed the subjugation of the country. In 732, the Franks, led by Charles Martel, defeated the Muslims near Poitiers, thus preventing the further expansion of Islam in southern Europe. Internal dissension of Spanish Islam invited a steady Christian conquest from the north.

3. Spain’s history 2 • Aragon and Castile were the most important Spanish states from the 12th to the 15th century, consolidated by the marriage of Ferdinand II and Isabella I in 1469. In 1478, they established the Inquisition, to root out heresy and uncover Jews and Muslims who had not sincerely converted to Christianity. Torquemada, the most notorious of the grand inquisitors, epitomized the Inquisition's harshness and cruelty. The last Muslim stronghold, Granada, was captured in 1492. Roman Catholicism was established as the official state religion and most Jews (1492) and Muslims (1502) were expelled. In the era of exploration, discovery, and colonization, Spain amassed tremendous wealth and a vast colonial empire through the conquest of Mexico by Cortés (1519–1521) and Peru by Pizarro (1532–1533). The Spanish Hapsburg monarchy became for a time the most powerful in the world. In 1588, Philip II sent his invincible Armada to invade England, but its destruction cost Spain its supremacy on the seas and paved the way for England's colonization of America. Spain then sank rapidly to the status of a second-rate power under the rule of weak Hapsburg kings, and it never again played a major role in European politics. The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) resulted in Spain's loss of Belgium, Luxembourg, Milan, Sardinia, and Naples. Its colonial empire in the Americas and the Philippines vanished in wars and revolutions during the 18th and 19th centuries.

4. Spain’s history 3 • In World War I, Spain maintained a position of neutrality. In 1923, Gen. Miguel Primo de Rivera became dictator. In 1930, King Alfonso XIII revoked the dictatorship, but a strong antimonarchist and republican movement led to his leaving Spain in 1931. The new constitution declared Spain a workers' republic, broke up the large estates, separated church and state, and secularized the schools. The elections held in 1936 returned a strong Popular Front majority, with Manuel Azaña as president.

5. Spain’s culture • Spanish culture is widely known for flamenco dancing and dance, bullfights, fantastic beaches and lots of sunshine. But what is Spain known for? It has much more to offer than that. It is - and has been for thousands of years, one of the cultural centers of Europe.

6. Spain’s food • The cuisine of many countries is influenced by the additions introduced by other cultures. This is especially true with Spanish cuisine. The influences of other cultures on the cuisine in Spain go a long way back and as other influences were incorporated, Spain developed a cuisine that is uniquely its own. • Spain is situated with water around most of it. It connects to France on the northeast and is just a short distance from Morocco on the southern tip where the Mediterranean meets the Atlantic. This puts Spain in a good position to be influenced by many cultures that sail both seas. Much of Spain is considered to have a Mediterranean diet as many of the cultures that influenced Spain’s cuisine came from that part of the world.

7. Spain’s history Ferdinand II and Isabella I Scipio Africanus Gen. Miguel Primo de Rivera

8. Spain’s food Gazpacho Seafood paella Tuna and tapas

9. Spain culture pictures The flamenco dance A Spanish bullfight One of Spain's famous beaches