Computer H ardware , S oftware, and Peripherals

Computer Hardware, Software, and Peripherals Objective: “I can identify computer hardware, software, and peripherals including input and output devices.”

1. Your PC (Personal Computer) is a collection of hardware and software components • Hardware includes: • Your computer • Peripherals (Any equipment connected to it) • Anything you can physically touch

2. Software Software includes: • The instructions the computer follows to perform a task • You cannot “touch” software, it’s stored in the memory of the computer • List five (5) software programsyou recognize from the icons listed.

3. Your PC (Personal Computer) is an electronic device containing: • A microprocessor to carry out the commands of the computer • RAM (random access memory) primary memory for temporary storage • Storage media and storage devices for more permanent storage

4. Computers also work with input and output devices • Input devices, such as keyboards, mice, and touch pads, are used to input data into the computer

5. Output Devices • Output devices, such as printers and display screens, show the results of processing

6. Some devices can be both input and outputWhich peripherals are both?

Data and Storage Objective: “I can identify data vs. information, understand the binary nature of computing, and classify the different types of computers.”

1. What is Data? Alphabetic and numeric information entered into a computer. Combining the alphabet, numbers, and characters is called “alphanumeric data.” A string of alphanumeric data in computer programming is in quotes, “1205 East 900 South”

Then… What is Information?

2. Information is … USEFUL DATA interpreted by humans.

3. What’s the Difference? Garbage in = Garbage out Information is valuable data to humans.

4. Ways of Transmitting DataAnalog System Sends Radio Waves

5. Ways of Transmitting DataDigital Systems Sends 0s and 1s

6. Digital vs. Analog Analog “sound or radio waves” Digital “sends 0’s & 1’s – off or on”

7. Digital Basis of Computers… Binary System Computers ONLY read 0’s (off) or 1’s (on) which are electrical impulses

8. What are Bits? Bytes? KiloBytes? Megs? Gigs? • 1 bit = 1 particle of data (part of character of data) • 8 bits = 1 byte = 1 character • 1,000 bytes = 1 kilobyte • 1 million bytes = 1 megabyte (mega is a million) • 1,000 megabytes = 1 gigabyte (64 gig on an iPhone) • 1,000 gigabytes = 1 terabyte (3 TB storage drive) • 1,000 terabytes =1 petabyte • 1,000 petabytes = 1 exabyte • 1,000 exabytes = 1 zettabyte

9. Types of Computers • Supercomputers • Mainframes • Workstations • Microcomputers • File Server • Web Server

10. Supercomputers • Fastest and highest-capacity computers available running hundreds to thousands of processors. • As of November 2012, the Cray Titan supercomputer is the fastest in the world. • Uses: Plotting the Sky Decoding the Human Genome/DNA Nuclear Testing Worldwide Weather Forecasting

11. Mainframe Computers • Less powerful than supercomputers designed for mid- to large-size companies. • Ruined if exposed to dust. • Uses: Banks, airlines, universities, insurance companies, IRS, FBI, government.

12. Dumb Terminal • Keyboard/screen computer device that does not process locally process data or execute programs. • Connected to mainframes. • Uses: Airline Check-in & Kiosk, Banks, ATM

13. Workstations • Most expensive, powerful desktop computer with every conceivable option. • Uses: Engineers use them for modeling airplanes, creating digital video and animation sequences. Architects use them to create blueprints and building plans.

14. Microcomputers…aka PC’s (Personal Computers) • Desktop, Tower, Notebook, Laptop, Palmtop, Netbook, Tablets (iPad, ASUS) • Down to 2 types : IBM (PC clones) or Apple/Mac • Uses: Personal or Business, School Labs, Convenient, Good for Programming Software

15. File Server • A “networked” Workstation that has other machines attached to it. • Attached to a LAN (Local Area Network) – within a business or school. • Shares services and resources (examples: printing, files, applications) • Users have accounts and passwords to access its services.

16. Web Server • Stores the actual web page(s)/site users are requesting. • Usually not located physically where the user is. • Examples: www.yahoo.com, www.google.com, www.UVU.edu

Objective: “I can identify hardware components inside the computer.” Inside the Computer

1. Chassis (Case) A computer case is also known as a "computer chassis", "tower", "system unit", "base unit" or simply "case.” It is the enclosure that contains most of the components of a computer.

2. Power Supply A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for the internal components of a computer.

3. Motherboard • The main processing board on which the microprocessor sits and all other devices are connected.

4. ROM (Read Only Memory) • The ROM chip on the motherboard contains the BIOS (Basic Input Output System) and cannot be changed. The BIOS software is built into the PC, and is the first software run by a PC when powered on. The fundamental purpose of the BIOS is to initialize and test the system hardware components.

5. What is the function of the BIOS? • BIOS = Basic Input Output System • Soldered onto the motherboard; it can’t be changed. • Tells the OS (Operating System) that the hardware is working.

6. RAM (Random Access Memory) • The computer’s primary memory; however, the memory is temporary. When the computer is turned off, data in RAM is lost. • Each time you load an application, it takes part of the computer’s RAM. • The more RAM, the more applications you can run at once. • A typical desktop sold by, say, Dell or HP will have about 2 GB of RAM. Most computers on the market will support between 4 and 8 GB of RAM maximum.

7. Cache Memory • CPU cache is a cache used by the central processing unit of a computer to reduce the average time to access memory. • When the CPU needs data, it looks first in cache memory. • The cache is a smaller, faster memory which stores copies of data from the most frequently used main memory locations. • Examples: Closing a laptop while in the middle of an application, returning to a website that was recently visited.

8. Microprocessor …. aka CPU (Central Processing Unit) • The BRAINS of the computer. • The three main functions of a microprocessor include: (1) controlling all functions of the central processing unit, (2) calculating mathematical operations using logarithms and (3) enabling easy transfer of data from one location to another. • Almost all electronic equipment is equipped with some kind of microprocessor.

CPU (Continued) • ALU = Arithmetic-Logic Unit of the Processor. ALU units typically need to be able to perform the basic logical operations (AND, OR) and the addition operation. • CU = Control Unit. The control unit provides the timing and control signal to all operations of microcomputer. It control the flow of data between microprocessor and memory Information Processing Cycle: Input, Output, Processing, and Storage

CPU (Continued) • Current speeds are still in the 2GHz to 4GHz ranges. That means it executes operations (0s and 1s in electrical impulses) up to 4 billion times a second. • Processors now have multiple cores or multiple processors in one unit. Quad cores are common. • How many core processors run the Xbox 360? • What processor does your computer have? Information Processing Cycle: Input, Output, Processing, and Storage

9. Bus Speed • Speed at which the connections (electrical impulses) are moving on the motherboard. • The more data a bus can handle at one time, the faster it allows information to travel. The speed of the bus, measured in megahertz (MHz), refers to how much data can move across the bus simultaneously. • The faster a computer's bus speed, the faster it will operate -- to a point. A fast bus speed cannot make up for a slow processor or chipset.

10. Expansion Slots • Additional space in the case can be used to add peripheral devices like a hard drive and graphics card. • When a hard drive is added, it comes with a circuit board that must be put in one of the expansion slots. • Gamers add fast graphics cards.

11. Ports Ports to connect peripheral devices such as printers, scanners, digital cameras, etc. • Mouse • Keyboard • Parallel • Serial • Audio • USB • eSata • LAN • HDMI

Identify the Ports LAN (RJ45) IEEE1394a DVI-I USB eSATA AudioOutput HDMI

Objective: “I can take steps to protect my hardware from theft or damage.” How to Protect Hardware from Theft or Damage

If possible, physically “lock up” your hardware when not in use. Cables and steel combination locks can help prevent theft. • When not using your computer, don’t simply “walk away.” To quickly lock your computer without powering off, press Windows Key + L or Cntrl-Alt-Del to enter Windows Security and then select “Lock Computer.” You’ll need to enter your windows password to reenter. • The lowest-level software lock would be a password on the BIOS. Caution: A BIOS password does not allow the computer to fully boot until the correct password is entered. 1. Protect Hardware from Theft Practice Quiz:http://www.kubbu.com/student/?i=1&a=7690_ic3_protectin

Extreme natural elements including humidity, heat, cold, and static electricity can all damage your computer and its components. • Airborne effluents (something that flows out) can also damage your system including: dust, airborne particles, and chemical mist. 2. Protect Hardware from Damage Practice Quiz:http://www.kubbu.com/student/?i=1&a=7690_ic3_protectin

An electrical power surge or a power strike can damage your computer, especially the power supply. • To avoid damage, plug your system into a surge protector , line conditioner, or battery-powered UPS (Universal Power Supply). 3. Electrical Power Surge Practice Quiz:http://www.kubbu.com/student/?i=1&a=7690_ic3_protectin

Objective: “I can solve common hardwareproblems myself.” How to Solve Common Hardware Problems

1. I can’t type or point • Keyboard or mouse not working? Turn everything off, unplug the keyboard or mouse, plug it back in, restart your computer. • If it’s a USB keyboard or mouse, try a different USB port on the PC. If that’s no good, try borrowing a friend’s keyboard or mouse and see if that works.

2. I can’t get on the internet • Unplug your router, wait 30 seconds, turn it on and try again. • Still no good? Unplug the internet cable or disable the internet on your computer, wait 30 seconds, then plug back in and/or enable the internet.

3. I can’t use my monitor • Quite often, graphics cards will turn your monitor off because they are overheating due to all the accumulated dust. • Unplug everything and then – in a well-lit room so you can see what’s going on – open the system unit and find the graphics card. • It will probably be the largest vertically placed circuit board in there and will usually have either a grid-like metal box on it or a little fan. Follow the instructions in the manual that explain how to remove it safely and then, using a cotton swab or can of compressed air, clean off all the dust. • If the fan’s casing can be removed from the card, try doing this and cleaning inside. Then put the whole lot back together again and see if that solves your monitor problem.

4. My DVD drive won’t open ! • My computer’s DVD drive has jammed shut – no matter how many times I push the button on the front it just won’t open, and there’s a disc inside. How can I get it open? • Almost all DVD drives have a small hole at the front that acts as a quick-release for the drive. To use this, insert a small object (a straightened paper clip is perfect) into the hole and push firmly. The drive door should now pop open a small amount, allowing you to pull the tray out and retrieve the disc. • If you have to do this repeatedly, though, the drive is probably malfunctioning: if so, a replacement is often inexpensive.

5. I can’t print: 5 steps to solve common printer problems • Check for correct paper size and make sure you haven't overfilled your paper feeder to avoid paper jams; this may even stop a smudgy or uneven print problem. • Check all the cords that they are properly installed. Turn off the printer, then turn it back on. • Update or re-install your driver may fix printing errors such as strange characters and unreadable text. • Clean your printer heads to avoid blurry text and images. • Replace your cartridges or toner to fix "low ink level" alerts and missing/non-existent text or pictures.

Computer H ardware , S oftware, and Peripherals