Biology Journal 9/5/2013

1. Biology Journal 9/5/2013 What kind of reaction is shown? Write out the reaction as words: fructose + _______ → ________ + _______ c. Which are the reactants? d. Which are the products? → + + H2O

2. Biology Journal 9/5/2013 → + + H2O a. What kind of reaction? Condensation synthesis b. Write out the reaction as words: below c. Which are the reactants? fructose, glucose d. Which are the products? sucrose, water fructose + glucose → sucrose + water Today we will learn how enzymes make this happen!

3. Review! a. What kind of molecule is this? b. What are its parts called? It’s an amino acid! (this one is called asparagine) R group (in this case CH2CONH2) Amine (NH2) Carboxyl (COOH) Alpha carbon (the middle C where the R group is attached)

4. Review! What are proteins made out of? What are these? Proteins are chains of amino acids. This one has 7 amino acids (most proteins have waymore. Above: Some things made out of protein. But, what makes up these magical molecules?

5. Proteins are 1 chain of amino acids (sometimes multiple), but they fold up into specific shapes based on the properties of the amino acids.

7. Review! What is a catalyst? Catalysts speed up chemical reactions (and they’re not used up by the reaction)

8. Enzymes: Specially shaped proteins that are catalysts. Enzymes are specific, like a lock and key. Enzymes make reactions fast! (but they usually don’t blow up; that’d be bad for a living thing)

9. Intermediaries Start (reactants) Activation Energy Energy in Reactants/Products Reaction Complete (products) TIME Without enzyme With enzyme Energy-Time Graph for a Chemical Reaction

10. Activation energy is the energy which must be put into reactants to break some bonds to get a reaction started Enzymes lower activation energy, making reactions happen faster. These reactants (TNT) really want to be the products (a bunch of gasses). It just needs the activation energy to do the reaction…. What’s the activation energy?

11. Substrate: the reactant that goes into the enzyme Active site: where the substrate bonds on the enzyme Products: what the substrate turns into

12. Enzymes do not run out. They keep making the product over and over. How is this chemical reaction different from the previous one?

13. Enzyme Substrate: shape is complementary to shape of active site Active site Enzymes are specific • Each enzyme catalyses very few reactions • Each enzyme acts on only one (or a limited number) of substrates • Each enzyme will only act on substrates that will fit into its active site

14. Treat with high temperature… … or strong acid/alkali An enzyme can denature (lose its shape and thus stop working) when exposed to changes in temperature, and pH. Active site fits around substrate Active site no longer fits round substrate

15. Enzymes end in “-ase” What do you think these enzymes do? Protease Lactase Lipase Cellulose synthase Glucose phosphotransferase

16. Biology Journal 9/10/2013 Sketch this picture into your journal and label the parts. Describe what kind of reaction is occurring in as much detail as you can.

17. A = Substrate B = Enzyme C = Active site D = Enzyme-substrate complex E = Products This is the enzyme-catalyzed decomposition of A into E’s.

18. Enzymes are an example of a kind of molecule called a protein. Tissues like hair, muscle, and skin are also made out of this polymer; the polymer is composed of monomers called amino acids. Enzymes are an example of a kind of molecule called a ______. Tissues like hair, muscle, and skin are also made out of this polymer; the polymer is composed of monomers called ___________.

19. Enzymes always end in what 3 letters? ASE

20. Do all enzymes catalyze (speed up) decomposition reactions? No! What kind of reaction is this?

21. Are enzymes consumed in a chemical reaction? What happens to the enzyme in this picture? What happens to the product?

22. Describe the lock and key model of enzyme function. Enzymes are specific to one (although sometimes multiple) substrate. How? Structurally: the 3D shape of the active site matches the substrate Chemically: the polar / nonpolar parts of the active match the substrate

23. Define what it means for a protein to denature. • When a protein loses its shape it is called denaturing. It is irreversible. It can happen when the protein is exposed to: • Differenttemperatures • DifferentpH’s

24. All enzymes have an optimal temperature and pH.

26. What is lactose intolerance?

28. Percentage of Population with Lactose Intolerance Where are you from? The chances of having lactose intolerance are genetically tied to cultural and historical uses of animal milk as a food source. For example, in Northern European culture cow milk was used as a food source for many centuries; in South America, it was not.

29. Aspergillus niger is also known as black mold. You’ve most likely seen it before.