1 / 27

Biology Journal 9/25/2014

Biology Journal 9/25/2014. Describe this chemical reaction in as much detail as you can!. Synthesis of two amino acids (aka monopeptides) into a dipeptide. Condensation (because it makes H 2 O out of the H and OH of the amino and carboxyl groups)

galena-fletcher
Download Presentation

Biology Journal 9/25/2014

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Biology Journal 9/25/2014 Describe this chemical reaction in as much detail as you can!

  2. Synthesis of two amino acids (aka monopeptides) into a dipeptide. • Condensation (because it makes H2O out of the H and OH of the amino and carboxyl groups) • Anabolism (because it is building a larger molecule • It’s making a peptide bond (the bond holding amino acids to each other in proteins, aka polypeptides)

  3. Schedule Thursday: review for 2.4 and 2.5 Quiz Friday: 2.4 and 2.5 Quiz Tuesday: 2.6 homework due Wednesday: Notebooks collected, for practice and evidence!

  4. Topic 2: Molecular biology (21 hours)

  5. Topic 2: Molecular biology (21 hours)

  6. Enzymes (almost)always end in what 3 letters? ASE

  7. Identify the parts for each of the letters. State what kind of reaction is occurring in as much detail as you can.

  8. A = Substrate B = Enzyme C = Active site D = Enzyme-substrate complex E = Products This is the enzyme-catalyzed catabolic reaction of A into E’s. We can’t say if it’s hydrolysis (but, it might be)

  9. What determines what the 3D shape of a protein will be? The sequence of amino acids! These interact and fold up into the final enzyme shape.

  10. Make a drawing of a generalized amino acid. R group (could be 20 different things in human proteins) Amine (NH2) Carboxyl (COOH) Alpha carbon (the middle C where the R group is attached)

  11. What is a proteome? Just like a genome is all of the genes an organism has (ATCG’s), a proteome is all of the proteins (sequence of amino acids) that an organism makes.

  12. What is activation energy? The energy required to start a chemical reaction. The activation energy converts the reactants into a transition state, which then progress to the products.

  13. Activation energy is the energy which must be put into reactants to break some bonds to get a reaction started Enzymes lower activation energy, making reactions happen faster. An Explosive Example… These reactants (TNT) really want to be the products (a bunch of gasses). It just needs the activation energy to do the reaction…. Where does the activation energy come from?

  14. What does the protein insulin do? Insulin is made by the pancreas. When blood-sugar is high, it is released and decreases the amount of glycogen (blood sugar) in the blood and stores it in the liver, or as fat.

  15. Define what it means for a protein to denature. • When a protein loses its shape it is called denaturing. It is irreversible. It can happen when the protein is exposed to: • Differenttemperatures • DifferentpH’s

  16. Intermediaries Start (reactants) Activation Energy Energy in Reactants/Products Reaction Complete (products) TIME With enzyme Without enzyme What do enzymes have to do with activation energy?

  17. This graph shows the enzyme activity (rate of reaction) for salivary amylase, which digests starches in the mouth. • Why is the highest rate at 38°C? • Why does enzyme activity decrease rapidly at temperatures higher than 38°C?

  18. Optimum Temperature Reaction rate increases with increase in temperature, as molecules move faster Amylase denatures, and quickly stops facilitating chemical reaction • 38°C is the highest rate because the enzyme is optimized to operate fastest at normal human body temperature. • At temperatures higher than 38°C, the enzyme denatures.

  19. What does the protein RuBisCO do? RuBisCO (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) is a protein used in carbon-fixation (taking carbon from the atmosphere and making carbohydrates out of it). It is found in most plants, and autotrophic single-celled organisms. It’s probably the most abundant protein on Earth!

  20. State the effect of pH on enzyme rate.

  21. All enzymes have an optimal pH. Deviation from this results in the denaturaziation of enzymes, and thus a reduction in reaction rate.

  22. How is lactose-free milk made? • Adding lactase to milk. • Running milk through an apparatus with immobilized lactase. Note: This can be done to any substance to treat it with an enzyme!

  23. Describe the lock and key model of enzyme function. Enzymes are specific to one (although sometimes multiple) substrate. How? Structurally: the 3D shape of the active site matches the substrate Chemically: the polar / nonpolar parts of the active match the substrate

  24. → + + H2O What kind of reaction is this? Write out the reaction as words c. Which are the reactants? d. Which are the products?

  25. → + + H2O a. What kind of reaction? AnabolicCondensation b. Write out the reaction as words: below c. Which are the reactants? fructose, glucose d. Which are the products? sucrose, water fructose + glucose → sucrose + water

More Related