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What are Proteins? Amino Acids

What are Proteins? Amino Acids. Functions Enzymes Hormones Defense Structure Transport. Classification of Proteins (Chemical Composition) Simple Proteins – consist of ONLY Amino Acids Conjugated Proteins - have NON-Protein Portions as major component Glycoproteins Lipoproteins

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What are Proteins? Amino Acids

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  1. What are Proteins? Amino Acids

  2. Functions • Enzymes • Hormones • Defense • Structure • Transport

  3. Classification of Proteins (Chemical Composition) Simple Proteins – consist ofONLY Amino Acids Conjugated Proteins -have NON-Protein Portions as major component • Glycoproteins • Lipoproteins • Phosphoproteins

  4. Classification of Proteins (Shape) Globular Proteins – tightly folded, Water Soluble Involved in: synthesizing, transporting, and metabolizing Such as: Hemoglobin, Hormones, Antibodies, Enzymes Fibrous Proteins –long, Water Insoluble Involved in: Structural material of cells and tissues Such as: Keratin, Elastin, Collagen

  5. Globular Proteins Fibrous Proteins

  6. Protein Structure Primary (1o) Structure Peptide Sequence • Amino Acids in Peptide Chain called, “Amino Acyl Residues” • Peptide bonds form between Carbonyl Carbon & Amino Nitrogen, by removal of an O- from the Carbonyl and 2 H+ from the Nitrogen… Removal of H2O forms Peptide Bonds

  7. Secondary (2o) Structure Folding of Peptide Sequence (1o Structure) • Hydrogen Bonding utilizing Peptide-Bonding Atoms • Intra-chain Hydrogen Bonding (α Helix) • Hair, Wool, Horns, and Feathers • Inter-chain Hydrogen Bonding (β Pleated Sheets) • Silk

  8. Tertiary (3o) Structure Folding and Twisting of 2o Structure • Hydrophobic R groups cluster on inside of protein away from water • Hydrophilic R groups cluster on outside of protein near water • Hydrogen Bonding of non-peptide bonding atoms • Ionic Salt-bridges, COO-● ●● ● +NH3 • Disulfide Bonds (Disulfide Bridges) b/n SH-Groups • Cysteinenot Methionine

  9. Quaternary (4o) Structure Folding, Twisting, and Other Interactions b/n different polypeptide strands in pre-existing 3o structure • Hydrophobic Bonding and Interactions • Hydrogen Bonding of Non-peptide Bonding Atoms • Ionic Salt-bridges, COO-● ● ● ● +NH3 • Disulfide Bonds (Disulfide Bridges) b/n SH-Groups Classifications: Dimers, Trimers, Tetramers, Pentamers, Hexamers • EX: Hemoglobin– tetramer (2 α subunits & 2 β subunits) • Each unit contains the Heme prosthetic group which contains Iron and is responsible for binding O2 in Blood.

  10. Enzymes

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