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EOC Final Review

EOC Final Review. SHORT-TERM (quick) ENERGY. 1. BENEDICTS SOLUTION. 1. SUGAR. 2. STARCH. 1. IODINE SOLUTION. LONG-TERM (quick) ENERGY. 1 GLYCEROL & 3 FATTY ACIDS. BROWN PAPER BAG TEST. INSULATION and PADDING. MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS IN THE BODY. AMINO ACIDS. BIURET’S SOLUTION.

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EOC Final Review

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  1. EOC Final Review

  2. SHORT-TERM (quick) ENERGY 1. BENEDICTS SOLUTION 1. SUGAR 2. STARCH 1. IODINE SOLUTION LONG-TERM (quick) ENERGY 1 GLYCEROL & 3 FATTY ACIDS BROWN PAPER BAG TEST INSULATION and PADDING MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS IN THE BODY AMINO ACIDS BIURET’S SOLUTION NUCLEOTIDE (1 phosphate, 1 sugar, 1 nitrogen base) HOLD GENETIC INFORMATION HOLD RECIPE TO MAKE PROTEINS 1. ALL LIVING THINGS 2. DNA FINGERPRINTING

  3. Identify the following molecules: • Whatelement is in all ORGANIC molecules? • NUCLEIC ACID • (DNA) • CARBON • NUCLEOTIDE • What a monomer? • Building Block – subunit • Ex.: 1 amino acid • What 3 parts make up a nucleotide? • 1 PHOSPHATE • 1 SUGAR • 1 NITROGEN BASE • What a polymer? • Monomers connected together • – macromolecule (big molecule) • Ex.: Protein • LIPID • (Fats, Oils, Waxes) • PROTEIN • CARBOHYDRATE • (SUGAR) • CARBOHYDRATE • (STARH)

  4. What Macromolecules Are Involved? • Enzymes are this type of molecule • Used for long-term energy storage • Proteins • This molecule typically ends in -OSE • Lipids • Carbohydrates • Animals need this for warmth in cold environments • This molecule typically ends in -ASE • This helps rebuild muscles and tissue • Codes for proteins which code for traits • Nucleic Acid • Proteins • Proteins • (enzymes) • Iodine solution is used to test • Starches • Used for quick short-term energy • Carbohydrates • Benedicts solution is used to test • Sugars • Biurets solution is used to test • Proteins • This holds the recipe for making proteins • Lipids for Insulation • Grease on brown paper bag is used to test • Lipids • Nucleic Acid

  5. PROTEINS AMINO ACIDS A I J D H E G C F B ALL PROTEINS!!!!!

  6. BOTH Stores ALL of the important information for the cell Decides what comes in and out of cell BOTH Extra support and protection for plant cells PLANTS ONLY Provides energy for the cell (ATP) BOTH Plants have 1 LARGE vacuole BOTH Stores material Animals have multiple small ones Photosynthesis to make food for plant (glucose) PLANTS ONLY Makes proteins (site of protein synthesis) BOTH

  7. PLANT ANIMAL CELL MEMBRANE NUCLEUS RIBOSOMES RIBOSOMES VACUOLE CELL WALL CELL MEMBRANE MITOCHONDRIA CHLOROPLAST

  8. CELL WALL CHLOROPLAST VACUOLE (large) PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC NO NUCLEUS HAS A NUCLEUS NO MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES (ONLY RIBOSOMES) HAS MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES PLASMIDS (circular DNA) DNA IN NUCLEUS (in chromosomes) LARGER, COMPLEX, YOUNGER SMALL, SIMPLE, OLDER DNA FREE FLOATING IN CYTOPLASM

  9. Which type of cell? Which cell has NO nucleus? Where is DNA located in a eukaryotic cell? Prokaryotic cells Nucleus Where is the DNA located in Prokaryotic cells? Free-floating in the cytoplasm Which cell is younger and more complex? Eukaryotic cells What is an organelle common to prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Which cell has membrane-bound organelles? Eukaryotic cells Ribosomes What cell type are plant and animal cells? Eukaryotic cells Which cell HAS a nucleus? Eukaryotic cells What cell type are bacteria cells? Prokaryotic cells Which cell evolved first and is older? Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells

  10. Name that organelle… What types of cells have vacuoles? Plant AND Animal cells These allow the cell to move Flagella and Cilia This make proteins in the cell This controls what goes in and out of the cell Cell membrane Ribosomes This is where cellular respiration takes place Mitochondria This provides plants cells with structural support and protection Cell wall This is where photosynthesis takes place Chloroplast Cell membrane This is the boss of the cell – controls the processes within the cell Nucleus This stores extra food and water in the cell Which organic molecules make up the cell membrane Vacuole Lipids and Proteins

  11. Identify #1-4 1. Mitochondria 2. Central Vacuole 3. Nucleus 4. Chloroplast What do X and Y have in common? Both are used for MOVEMENT!

  12. Cell Specialization Review I am a cell with genes turned on to make proteins for SENDING MESSAGES? STEM cells These cell are UNDIFFERENTIATED – they do net have a job yet. NERVE cells I am a cell with genes turned on to make proteins for STETCHING and CONTRACTING? What are the two types of stem cells? Adult and Embryonic MUSCLE cells I am a cell with genes turned on to make proteins for SWIMMING? Do all cells in a body have the same DNA? SPERM cells YES! I am a cell with genes turned on to make proteins for bringing WATER from the roots to the leaves of plants? XYLEM cells Do all cells in a body have the same JOB? NO! I am a cell with genes turned on to make proteins for moving FOOD around plants? PHLOEM cells How do cells know what type of cell to become? Some GENES are turned ON (expressed) and other genes are turned OFF. I am a cell with genes turned on to make proteins for CARRYING OXYGEN AROUND THE BODY? RED BLOOD cells This is called GENE EXPRESSION

  13. I use chemical messangers called neurotransmitter to send fast messages around the body Nerve Cells Nerve Cells Red Blood Cells Sperm Cells Xylem Cells Phloem Cells Muscle Cells • REMEMBER: all cells have the same DNA, but different jobs! The only difference are the GENES that are turned on or off in each cell – this determines their job!

  14. LOW HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW PROTEIN LOW HIGH PROTEIN

  15. YES NO HIGH to LOW LOW to HIGH

  16. Transport Reminders: • ALWAYS draw you box-circle model • When the molecules CANNOT move it is OSMOSIS • WATER moves high to low • Use the salt concentration. Subtract from 100% (inside and outside). The remaining amount is the water concentration. Move the water from the high concentration to the low concentration. 3. If water moves… • OUT = the cell will SHRINK or SHRIVEL • IN = the cell will SWELL or BURST

  17. 20% salt LOW (water) Water will move out of the cell and it will SHRINK 80% water 100% water 0% salt HIGH (water) 100% water HIGH (water) 0% salt Water will move into of the cell and it will SWELL 20% salt 80% water LOW (water)

  18. MAINTAINING BALANCE WITHIN AN ORGANISM

  19. Homeostasis… Maintaining internal BALANCE Explain why these are examples of HOMEOSTASIS: What does it mean? Shivering when it’s cold out Sweating when it’s hot out Insulin released by the pancreas Respiration Water balance in an organisms

  20. 70% water L 90% water H 90% water 90% water SHRINK EQUILLIBRIUM 98% water REMINDER: SOLUTE = substance in the water (salt, sugar, etc.) H 90% water L SWELL

  21. Real life application of osmosis… • What happens when you don’t water your plants… The VACUOLE loses water (water leaves the cell), so the cell SHRINKS or SHRIVELS, causing the plant to wilt and die.

  22. ENZYME ENZYME PRODUCTS SUBSTRATE (reactant) ENZYME- SUBSTRATE COMPLEX ACTIVE SITE

  23. Enzyme Reminders: • What does a catalyst do? • ENZYMES ARE CATALYSTS!!! • Speed up reaction • Speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy • How can you denature an enzyme? • What do enzymes do? • Temperature & pH • What does denatured mean? • Shapes changes – • STOPS working • Product 1 • Product 2 • Enzyme-Substrate Complex • Substrate/Reactant • Enzyme • Enzyme • Enzyme • Enzyme

  24. PROTEINS THE SHAPE OF THE ACTIVE SITE YES – ENZYMES ARE REUSED FOR THE SAME SPECIFIC TYPE OF REACTIONS, UNLESS THE ACTIVE SITE IS DENATURED (the shape is changed). pH AND TEMPERATURE CAN DENATURE THE ACTIVE SITE OF THE ENZYME. IF THE ACTIVE SITE CHANGES SHAPE, THE ENZYME CAN NO LONGER PERFORM AT AN OPTIMAL LEVEL AND MAY STOP WORKING.

  25. ACID 3 9 BASE OPTIMAL pH Scale: Acidic = 0-6 (lots of H+) Basic = 8-14 (little H+) Neutral = 7 (water)

  26. SUN (energy) + CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) + WATER (H2O)  OXYGEN (O2) + GLUCOSE (C6H12O6) CHLOROPLAST CO2 O2 Carbon Dioxide CO2 Glucose C6 H12 O6 Water H2 O Oxygen O2 SUN (energy)

  27. OXYGEN (O2) + GLUCOSE (C6H12O6)  36 ATP + CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) + WATER (H2O) MITOCHONDRIA Carbon Dioxide CO2 Glucose C6 H12 O6 Water H2 O Oxygen O2 ATP (energy)

  28. AEROBIC REPIRATION USES OXYGEN AND CREATES 36 ATP ANAEROBIC REPIRATION DOES NOT USE OXYGEN AND CREATES 2 ATP IN ANIMAL MUSCLE Remember: FERMENTATION is another name for ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN YEAST AND BACTERIA THE PRODUCTS ARE: 2 ATP, CARBON DIOXIDE, and ETHYL ALCOHOL

  29. SUN going IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS WATER going IN OXYGEN being RELEASED

  30. C T G G C T SUGAR

  31. GCU CUG Ala- Leu- 3 mRNA letters (nitrogen bases)

  32. Transcribe the following: DNA  mRNA ATC GTA CCT GGA UAG CAU GGA CCU mRNA  DNA UAG GGU CCA UAC ATC CCA GGT ATG

  33. DNA & Protein Synthesis What is the base pairing rules in DNA Replication? A – T and G - C Where in the cell does Replication take place? Nucleus What part of the Cell Cycle is DNA Replicated in? Interphase What is the role of hydrogen bonds in DNA Replication? Weak bond holding the DNA double helix together between A – T and G - C

  34. Where does TRANSCRIPTION take place? NUCLEUS Where does TRANSLATION take place? CYTOPLASM and RIBOSOME

  35. Nucleus TRANSCRIPTION mRNA Amino Acid Polypeptide Chain will start to form Cytoplasm tRNA Ribosome TRANSLATION Anticodon CODON

  36. RIBOSE DEOXYRIBOSE A, G, C, T A, G, C, U 1 (single helix) 2 (double helix) NUCLEUS & CYTOPLASM NUCLEUS DELIVERS GENETIC MESSAGES TO MAKE PROTEINS HOLDS GENETIC INFORMATION TO CODE FOR PROTEINS PEPTIDE BONDS

  37. PROTEINS TRANSCRIPTON TRANSLATION TRANSPORT DNA MESSAGE FROM NUCLEUS TO RIBOSOME READ mRNA MESSAGE (anticodon) AND BRING CORRECT AMINO ACID TO THE RIBOSOME STORES GENETIC INFORMATION FOR LIFE MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS IN BODY (health, repair, communication, digestion, speed up reactions) mRNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM RIBOSOME tRNA PROTEIN ACID AMINO TRUE EVERY CELL HAS THE SAME DNA, BUT A DIFFERENT JOB. THE DIFFERENT JOBS ARE DETERMINED BY THE GENES THAT ARE TURNED ON OR OFF IN A CELL.

  38. Mutations • Point Mutations • SUBSTITUTION • One amino acid changed AT MOST • Frameshift Mutations • INSERTION or DELETION – • Amino acid sequence is changed from point of mutation • Completely different protein formed!! • REMEMBER: • DNA RNAPROTEIN

  39. SEXUAL ASEXUAL 2N = DIPLOID 2N = DIPLOID 2N = DIPLOID N = HAPLOID 2 1 2 4 50 chromosomes 25 chromosomes BEFORE CELL DIVISION BEFORE 1st CELL DIVISION NO YES YES NO NO YES YES NO NO YES

  40. Name the Process… What is Process A? Mitosis Meiosis What is Process B? Fertilization Meiosis Meiosis Diploid  Haploid Diploid  Diploid Mitosis What are gamete cells in a human? Fertilization Sex cells – egg & sperm What are somatic cells in a human? Non-Disjunction Body cells – ex.: skin Crossing Over Which process makes somatic cells? Which process makes gamete cells? What is the DIPLOID symbol? Mitosis 2n Meiosis What is the DIPLOID number in humans? What is the HAPLOID symbol? 46 (2 set of chromosomes) What is the HAPLOID number in humans? 23 (1 set of chromosomes) n

  41. Which Type of Reproduction ASEXUAL (Binary Fission) ASEXUAL (Fregmentation) SEXUAL (Meiosis) ASEXUAL (Mitosis) This process creates IDENTICAL offspring ASEXUAL ASEXUAL (Budding) This process creates GENETIC VARIATION offspring SEXUAL

  42. MITOSIS MEIOSIS MEIOSIS BOTH! MITOSIS MITOSIS GROWTH REPAIR REPLACING DEAD OR WORN OUT CELLS

  43. C Interphase= DNA Replication INTERPHASE Prophase = chromosomes form; nucleus breaks down; spindle fibers appear B ANAPHASE (away) PROPHASE (first) E Metaphase = chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell Anaphase = chromosomes pulled apart by spindle fibers A TELOPHASE (2 new cells) METAPHASE (middle) Telophase= nucleus reforms; cytoplasm divides; 2 new cells D MEIOSIS GAMETE (egg) FERTILIZATION ZYGOTE (1st diploid cell) MITOSIS EMBRYO ADULT GAMETE (sperm) MEIOSIS

  44. Phenotype = Tall Tt tt Genotype = _____ _____ ______ TT 1 (25%) 2 (50%) 1 (25%) SHORT TALL Phenotype = _________ _________ 1 (25%) 3 (75%) 1:2:1 3:1 1. Nutrition and health 2. Environment may favor tall trait = trees (food) may grow taller favoring tall organism. Tall would be able to eat, survive and reproduce. Short ones would die off.

  45. 100% PINK FLOWERS RR’ Genotype = _____ _____ ______ RR R’R’ 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) PINK WHITE 100% RR’ Phenotype = ______ _______ _______ RED 0 (0%) 4 (100%) 0 (0%) R R Phenotypes: RED, WHITE, PINK R’ R R’ R R’ Genotypes: RR= RED RR’= PINK R’R’= WHITE R’ R R’ R R’ Parents: R’R’ ______ x _______ RR

  46. 25% RED; 50% PINK; 25% WHITE 25% RR; 50% RR’; 25% R’R’ R’ R Parents: ______ x _______ RR’ RR’ R R R R’ R Genotype = _____ _____ ______ RR RR’ R’R’ R’ R R’ R’ R’ 1 (25%) 2 (50%) 1 (25%) Phenotype = ______ _______ _______ RED PINK WHITE 1 (25%) 2 (50%) 1 (25%)

  47. 100% Black-and-Tan offspring BT Genotype = _____ _____ ______ BB TT 100% BT 4 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) Tan Black+Tan Phenotype = _____ _____ ______ Black BB x TT 4 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) Phenotypes: Black Black-and-Tan Tan B B T B Genotypes: BB = Black T B T BT = Black + Tan TT = Tan T B T Parents: B T _______ x _______ BB TT

  48. XY XX Sex-linked traits travel on the X-chromosome 25% chance of child with hemophilia (1 son) 0% chance of daughter with hemophilia 25% chance of daughter being a carrier 1 0 1 Males only have 1 X – so they have it or they don’t 1 1 0 Phenotype: Healthy, carrier, Hemophilia (sick) XR Xr Xr XR XR XR XR Genotype: XRXR = healthy female XRY = healthy male XRXr = carrier female XrY = sick male Y XrXr = sick female XR Y Xr Y Parents: XRY ______ x ______ XRXr

  49. 25% change of child with Type O 0% change of child with homozygous Type A 25% change of child with Type AB Genotype: ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ oo AA Ao BB Bo AB Phenotype: Type A, B, AB, or O 0 (0%) 1 (25%) 0 (0%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) Type B Phenotype: _______ _______ _______ _______ Type A Type AB Type O 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) Genotype: A o Type A: AA or Ao Type B: BB or Bo B A B B o Type AB: AB Type O: oo A o Bo What we know: Parents: _____ x _____ Ao o o o Mom: Type A (AA or Ao) Dad: Type B (BB or Bo) Baby: Type O (oo)

  50. Narrowing it down: Phenotype: Type A, B, AB, or O What we know: If the child is blood Type O, then both parents have to give an ‘o’ allele. Mom: Type A (AA or Ao) Baby: Type O (oo) Genotype: Dad: 1. Type AB (AB) 2. Type A (AA or Ao) 3. Type O (oo) Type A: AA or Ao This leaves means Mom has to be heterozygous Type A (Ao). Type B: BB or Bo Dad 3 could be the father because he is Type O (oo) and can give an ‘o’ allele. Type AB: AB Type O: oo Dad 2 could be the father only if he is heterozygous Type A (Ao), because he must have an ‘o’ allele to give. Dad 1 could NOT be the father because he is blood Type AB (AB). He does not have an ‘o’ allele to give, so he cannot be the father of a child with Type O (oo) blood.

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