Imperialism: Making of the European global order Chapter 24

1. Imperialism: Making of the European global orderChapter 24 AP World History

2. Big Picture • Western European industrialization fundamentally altered the nature of European overseas expansion. In previous times, 3 Gs: Gold, God, & Glory • Sought desired material goods, in Americas seized lands for plantation crops. • Countries in Europe were little interested in acquiring expensive/unstable distant possessions, but men on the spot were drawn into local struggles as they sought to advance or defend their interests. • Christian missionaries sought converts. In competition with Islam. • Industrialization brought new motives for expansion, including: • Raw materials were needed to fuel industrial growth • Markets were required for its manufacturing production • Christian proselytizing continued, but private initiative replaced state direction • Increased power, fear of other imperial rivalries more than indigenous opposition. • This pushed the Europeans into and occupied territories once closed to them by disease or local resistance.

3. European Colonial TerritoriesBefore and After 1800

4. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia The Dutch Advance on Java • Established Batavia 1619 • Initially paid tribute to sultan of Mataram • 1670s started to take part in political rivalry between claimants to the throne of Mataram • Dutch used firearms & trained army • These succession wars ended by 1750 with the domination of the whole island by the Dutch

5. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia • Stages of Dutch Expansion in Java

6. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia Pivot of World Empire: The Rise of the British Rule in India • British East India Company • Gained power as the Mughal Empire diminished • Sepoys used to fight wars • Seploys were Indian troops trained in European-style fighting • Five major wars were fought during the 18th century British assume power after defeat of the French, additionally: • Battle of Plassey, 1757 • Robert Clive defeats Bengal ruler • British control Bengal

7. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia • The Consolidation of British Rule • Mughal decline gives British opportunity • Presidencies • Capitals: Madras, Bombay, Calcutta • Directly ruled India • However, the rest of India was indirectly ruled • Were controlled through agents at Indian rulers’ courts • By the beginning of the 19th century, India was becoming Britain’s major colonial possession. • Empire’s largest colonized population. • Indians to served in British-led armies, powerful land force • Indian ports were vital to British sea power. • Manufactured goods, overseas investment, and raw materials.

8. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia The Growth of the British Empire in India,From the 1750s to 1858

9. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia Early Colonial Society in India and Java • The Europeans at first were content to leave Asian social systems intact. • The previous rulers ended up performing most of the daily administrative tasks. • They formed a new class on top of existing hierarchies • European a dominant class • Europeans adopted themselves to indigenous culture in order to survive. • local styles of dress, food, housing, work habits, and political symbols. • Since most of the Europeans were men, they lived with and married indigenous women.

10. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia Social Reform in the Colonies • Rampant corruption among British East India Company officials (Nabobs) from the 1770s, which contributed to a disastrous famine in Bengal, forced reform. • Accountable to British government • 1790s Indians excluded from administration • Lord Charles Cornwallis   • Evangelical religion worked to… • Social reform sought to • End slave trade • End sati • English language was the key to reform • The reforms enacted were a turning point in global history. • Essential components of Western culture were introduced into the Indian world. • Attempt to reshape colonial society

11. Industrial Rivalries and the Partition of the World, 1870-1914 Unequal Combat • Industrial Revolution increased Western military superiority over the rest of the world. • Mass-produced weapons • Machine gun, rendered the massed charge suicidal • Railroads, steam ships greater mobility. • Africans and Asians still fought fiercely against the imperialists • Few won victories or long-delayed conquests • The Zulu, defeated a British force at Isandhlwana in 1879 • Guerrilla tactics in Vietnam, prolonged, but did not defeat • By 1914, all of Africa but Ethiopia and Liberia had fallen to Europeans • In southeast Asia, only Siam was independent. • China, Persia, and the Middle East remained unoccupied, but strong informal European political and economic influence was present. • Britain dominated overseas commerce and empire building during the first half of the 19th century; from then on, Britain was challenged by Belgium, France, Germany, and the United States.

12. The Partition of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, to 1914

13. Industrial Rivalries and the Partition of the World, 1870-1914

14. Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change • "Tropical dependencies" • Africa, Asia, South Pacific • Europeans rule indigenous peoples • Settler colonies (2 types) • #1"White Dominions" • Inhabitants mostly Europeans their descendants • indigenous peoples were few. • Examples: Canada, Australia • #2 “Contested Settler Colonies” • Large numbers of Europeans • Large indigenous numbers • European and indigenous peoples clashed • control of local resources • questions of social or cultural difference. • Examples: South Africa, Algeria, New Zealand, Kenya, and Hawaii

15. Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change • Colonial Regimes and Social Hierarchies in the Tropical Dependencies • Cultural influence • Exploited ethnic and cultural divisions --- ‘tribes’ • Minorities, especially Christians, were favored in colonial recruiting • English (western) language education (Java & India) • Missionaries run schools (Africa) • European racial prejudices blocked higher education for most Africans. • Asians had more opportunities, but fear of such education denied graduates appropriate positions. • Such policies greatly stunted the growth of a Western-oriented middle class • Changing Social Relations Between Colonizers and the Colonized European communities grow • Increasing segregation • Relations with indigenous women were not favored • Ideas of white supremacy • Africans were put at the bottom of racial hierarchies, most non-white, if appeared non-civilized were put in a category of savages

16. Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change • Shifts in Methods of Economic Extraction • Attempted to introduce scientific agricultural techniques • Produce cheaper and more abundant raw materials • Drive to increase production, lower costs • Many colonies reduced to dependency • Railways, roads built to serve extraction • Settler Colonies in South Africa and the Pacific Relations varied • Disease decimates in some cases • Some native peoples Westernized • Some more resistant • The Afrikaners (Boers- mainly Dutch, German and French ancestry), and their native tongue is Afrikaans, a language closely related to Dutch. • Formed two interior republics during the 1850s and remained independent until • Discovery of diamonds (1867) • Gold (1885) • Boer wars (1899-1902) & Afrikaner defeat in 1902

17. Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change Pacific Tragedies demographic disaster and social disruption • New Zealand • 1790s, first Europeans • Alcoholism, prostitution spread • Maoris adopt firearms • 1850s, change • British farmers, herders arrive • Maoris pushed into interior • Adopt European culture • Hawaii - James Cook • Prince Kamehameha • Westernization • 1810, rules Hawaiian kingdom • Disease devastates population • Shift-exploited the economy by establishing a plantation sugar system • Asian workers American settlers • Push for annexation • Weak rulers pushed out • 1893, last ruler deposed (Queen Liliuokalani) • 1898, annexed by United States